Skeletal System Overview and Human Body Organization

Skeletal System Overview

• The skeletal system is crucial for overall body function and physical performance
• It's crucial to understand how different parts of the body work together for improved physical performance
• This chapter covers human body anatomy and physiology
• Anatomy is the study of body parts and structures
• Physiology is the study of how parts and systems function normally
• Pathology is the study of abnormal functioning, the opposite of physiology
• Understanding anatomy and physiology is essential to improve or detect abnormal functioning (pathology) of the body and its parts
• The skeletal system, muscles, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, digestive, and reproductive systems are all part of the human body's complex network

Organization of the Human Body

• The human body is organized into systems
• Systems are made of organs
• Organs are made of tissues
• Tissues are made of cells

Human Body Systems

• Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
• Cardiovascular System (heart, blood vessels, blood)
• Respiratory System (nose, windpipe, lungs, respiratory muscles)
• Muscular System (muscles, tendons)
• Skeletal System (bones, joints, ligaments, cartilage)
• Endocrine or Hormonal System (endocrine glands, hormones)
• Digestive or Gastrointestinal System (digestive tract, salivary glands, liver, pancreas)
• Urinary or Renal System (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra)
• Integumentary System(Skin, hair, nails)
• Immune or Immunological System(White blood cells, lymphatic system)
• Reproductive System (male and female reproductive organs)

Skeletal System Organization

• The skeletal system is divided into two parts for organization:
  • Axial skeleton (bones that form the central axis of the body)
  • Appendicular skeleton (bones in the upper and lower limbs)

Axial Skeleton

• Skull (cranium)
• Vertebral column (spine)
• Sternum
• Rib cage

Appendicular Skeleton

• Bones of the upper limbs (clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
• Bones of the lower limbs (hip bones, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
• Bones of the skull: contains 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones
• Parts of the vertebral column (cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)

Classification of Bones

• Long bones (e.g., humerus, femur)
• Short bones (e.g., carpals, tarsals)
• Flat bones (e.g., skull bones, ribs)
• Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae, hip bones)
• Sesamoid bones (e.g., patella)

Vertebral Column

• The vertebral column (spine) consists of multiple vertebrae that are connected by intervertebral discs

Joints or Articulations

• Joints are the connections between bones
• Classification of joints by structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial) and function (immovable, slightly movable, freely movable)
  • Fibrous joints (cranial sutures)
  • Cartilaginous joints (intervertebral discs)
  • Synovial joints (knees, elbows)

Types of Synovial/Diarthroidal Joints

• Hinge joints (e.g., elbow, knee)
• Pivot joints (e.g., neck, radioulnar)
• Condyloid joints (e.g., wrist)
• Saddle joints (e.g., thumb)
• Ball-and-socket joints (e.g., hip, shoulder)
• Gliding joints (e.g., between carpals, tarsals)

Lever Movement Types

• First class lever, E-F-R
• Second class lever, R-F-E
• Third class lever, F-R-E (most common in the human body)

Joint Movements

• Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction, Medial rotation, Lateral rotation, Inversion, Eversion, Plantar flexion, Dorsiflexion, Elevation, Depression, Pronation, and Supination.

Cartilage

• Cartilage is a type of connective tissue.
• Hyaline cartilage is a type of cartilage.
• Fibrocartilage is a type of cartilage.
• Elastic cartilage is a type of cartilage.

Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue fills the space between organs and structures. This includes tendons, ligaments and fasciae.

Functional Planes

• The human body moves in three imaginary planes: coronal, transverse, and sagittal