Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the diaphysis of a long bone?
Which of the following best describes the diaphysis of a long bone?
Which type of bone is characterized by being roughly cube-shaped and lacking a shaft?
Which type of bone is characterized by being roughly cube-shaped and lacking a shaft?
Which joint classification involves synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous joints?
Which joint classification involves synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous joints?
What is the primary function of the periosteum?
What is the primary function of the periosteum?
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Which of the following types of muscle classification is based on histological appearance and function?
Which of the following types of muscle classification is based on histological appearance and function?
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Which bone is an example of a sesamoid bone?
Which bone is an example of a sesamoid bone?
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Which arterial supply primarily nourishes the outer third of a mature long bone?
Which arterial supply primarily nourishes the outer third of a mature long bone?
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What characteristic defines pneumatic bones?
What characteristic defines pneumatic bones?
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What type of joint is characterized by immovability and includes structures such as sutures in the skull?
What type of joint is characterized by immovability and includes structures such as sutures in the skull?
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Which joint type allows slight movement and is exemplified by the symphysis pubis?
Which joint type allows slight movement and is exemplified by the symphysis pubis?
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What type of joint is a gomphosis and where is it primarily located?
What type of joint is a gomphosis and where is it primarily located?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of synovial joints?
Which of the following is a characteristic of synovial joints?
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What connects bones in a syndesmosis joint?
What connects bones in a syndesmosis joint?
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Which term describes joints that permit free movement?
Which term describes joints that permit free movement?
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What type of cartilaginous joint is formed by bones united by a plate of hyaline cartilage?
What type of cartilaginous joint is formed by bones united by a plate of hyaline cartilage?
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Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
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What is the primary function of the synovial membrane?
What is the primary function of the synovial membrane?
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Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by being striated and under voluntary control?
Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by being striated and under voluntary control?
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What type of joint movement is primarily exhibited by the hinge joint?
What type of joint movement is primarily exhibited by the hinge joint?
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Which connective tissue layer surrounds each individual skeletal muscle fiber?
Which connective tissue layer surrounds each individual skeletal muscle fiber?
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In the ball and socket joint, what allows for multi-axial movement?
In the ball and socket joint, what allows for multi-axial movement?
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What is a characteristic feature of cardiac muscle tissue?
What is a characteristic feature of cardiac muscle tissue?
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Which joint type allows movement primarily in a side-to-side and back-and-forth manner?
Which joint type allows movement primarily in a side-to-side and back-and-forth manner?
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What is the role of extrinsic ligaments in a joint?
What is the role of extrinsic ligaments in a joint?
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What is the primary function of intercalated disks in cardiac muscle fibers?
What is the primary function of intercalated disks in cardiac muscle fibers?
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Which type of muscle contraction is characterized as involuntary, slow, and long-lasting?
Which type of muscle contraction is characterized as involuntary, slow, and long-lasting?
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What defines the fusiform shape of smooth muscle cells?
What defines the fusiform shape of smooth muscle cells?
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Which description best fits the prime mover in muscle action?
Which description best fits the prime mover in muscle action?
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Which type of muscle does not exhibit striations?
Which type of muscle does not exhibit striations?
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In muscle architecture, what is the structure of a fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone called?
In muscle architecture, what is the structure of a fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone called?
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What type of muscle fiber arrangement resembles the shape of a feather?
What type of muscle fiber arrangement resembles the shape of a feather?
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What is the term for muscles that work together to produce the same movement?
What is the term for muscles that work together to produce the same movement?
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Study Notes
Objectives
- Describe the types of bones and provide examples for each.
- Define joints.
- Classify joints by structure and function.
- Describe anatomical features of synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous joints.
- Classify muscle types based on histological appearance and function.
- Classify skeletal muscles according to fiber shape, direction, and action.
Skeletal System
- Axial skeleton: Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage (ribs and sternum).
- Appendicular skeleton: Bones of the limbs and girdles.
Parts of a Long Bone
- Diaphysis: The shaft of a long bone, ossifies from a primary center.
- Epiphysis: The ends of the bone, ossifies from secondary centers.
- Periosteum: Outer covering of the bone.
- Medullary cavity: A long cavity inside the diaphysis. Filled with red bone marrow in children, transitioning to yellow bone marrow in adults.
Blood Supply of an Adult Long Bone
- Nutrient artery: Supplies the inner 2/3 of the bone.
- Periosteal artery: Supplies the outer 1/3 of the bone.
- Epiphyseal artery: Supplies the epiphysis.
- Metaphyseal artery: Supplies the metaphysis.
Types of Bones (additional)
- Short bones: Roughly cube-shaped, no shaft or ends (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
- Sesamoid bones: Shaped like sesame seeds; a special type of short bone formed within tendons (e.g., patella).
- Flat bones: Thin, flat, and somewhat curved (e.g., most cranial bones, ribs, sternum).
- Irregular bones: Various shapes that don't fit other categories (e.g., vertebrae, hip bones).
- Pneumatic bones: Contain air-filled spaces (e.g., frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla).
Joints
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Definition: Junction between two or more bones; permits movement.
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Classification (Functional):
- Synarthroses: Immovable joints (e.g., sutures).
- Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable joints (e.g., symphyses).
- Diarthroses: Freely movable joints (e.g., synovial joints).
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Classification (Structural):
- Fibrous: Joined by fibrous tissue; sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses.
- Cartilaginous: Joined by cartilage; synchondroses, symphyses.
- Synovial: Separated by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.
Fibrous Joints (details)
- Sutures: Immovable joints that connect skull bones. Fontanelles (soft spots) are temporary sutures in newborns.
- Syndesmoses: Bones connected by ligaments (e.g., radio-ulnar and inferior tibiofibular joints).
- Gomphoses: Peg-and-socket joints (e.g., tooth root in its bony socket).
Cartilaginous Joints (details)
- Synchondroses: Bones united by hyaline cartilage (e.g., epiphyseal plates, sternocostal joints).
- Symphyses: Bones united by fibrocartilage, with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage over the articulating surfaces (e.g., symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs).
Synovial Joints (details)
- Found in most limbs; freely movable.
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Characteristics:
- Hyaline cartilage: Protective layer on articular surfaces.
- Joint cavity: Space filled with synovial fluid.
- Capsule: Connects articulating bones; may have accessory ligaments.
- Synovial membrane: Lines the joint capsule, secretes synovial fluid.
- Synovial fluid: Lubricates the joint.
- Extrinsic ligaments: Support and connect bones.
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Types of Synovial Joints (Shapes):
- Hinge: Angular movement
- Plane: Gliding movement
- Condyloid: Oval-shaped articular surfaces
- Pivot: Rotation on an axis
- Saddle: Back-and-forth/side-to-side movement
- Ball-and-socket: Spherical head in a socket; multi-axial movement
Muscle Anatomy and Histology
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Muscle Fiber Types: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle fiber types.
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Skeletal Muscle:
- Multinucleated cells, long and cylindrical
- Peripherally placed nuclei
- Voluntary control, strong and quick contraction
- Used in locomotion, mastication, and phonation.
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Cardiac Muscle:
- Short, branching cells; centrally placed nucleus
- Intercalated discs at cell-to-cell junctions
- Involuntary, rhythmic contractions
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Smooth Muscle:
- Spindle-shaped cells; centrally placed nucleus
- Involuntary, slow, and long-lasting contractions
- Found in walls of blood vessels and organs.
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Connective Tissue in Muscle:
- Epimysium: Encircles the entire muscle.
- Perimysium: Encircles bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles).
- Endomysium: Encircles individual muscle fibers.
Classifications of Muscles
- Action: Prime movers, synergists, antagonists, fixators.
- Direction of fibers: Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate.
- Shape: Circular, strap, quadrangular, triangular, rhomboidal, fusiform, spiral.
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Structure and function: Voluntary and involuntary muscles, categorization of skeletal/smooth/cardiac muscles.
- Innervation: Voluntary and Involuntary.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the skeletal system, including types of bones, joints classification, and muscle types. Explore the anatomical features of various joint types and understand the structure of long bones. This quiz covers essential concepts related to human anatomy and physiology.