Skeletal System and Joints Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the diaphysis of a long bone?

  • It is a cavity filled with red bone marrow.
  • It is the outer covering of the bone.
  • It is the ends of the bone that ossify from secondary centers.
  • It is the shaft that ossifies from the primary center. (correct)

Which type of bone is characterized by being roughly cube-shaped and lacking a shaft?

  • Irregular bone
  • Flat bone
  • Pneumatic bone
  • Short bone (correct)

Which joint classification involves synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous joints?

  • Classification by movement
  • Classification by appearance
  • Classification by function
  • Classification by structure (correct)

What is the primary function of the periosteum?

<p>Acts as a protective outer covering of the bone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of muscle classification is based on histological appearance and function?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is an example of a sesamoid bone?

<p>Patella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arterial supply primarily nourishes the outer third of a mature long bone?

<p>Periosteal artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines pneumatic bones?

<p>They contain air-filled spaces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is characterized by immovability and includes structures such as sutures in the skull?

<p>Fibrous joints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type allows slight movement and is exemplified by the symphysis pubis?

<p>Amphiarthroses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is a gomphosis and where is it primarily located?

<p>Peg and socket joint found in the dental alveolus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of synovial joints?

<p>Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects bones in a syndesmosis joint?

<p>Interosseous ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes joints that permit free movement?

<p>Diarthroses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilaginous joint is formed by bones united by a plate of hyaline cartilage?

<p>Synchondrosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

<p>Ball and socket joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the synovial membrane?

<p>To secrete lubrication fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by being striated and under voluntary control?

<p>Skeletal muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint movement is primarily exhibited by the hinge joint?

<p>Angular movement in one plane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue layer surrounds each individual skeletal muscle fiber?

<p>Endomysium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the ball and socket joint, what allows for multi-axial movement?

<p>Spherical head fitting into a round socket (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of cardiac muscle tissue?

<p>It exhibits cross-striations and is branched (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type allows movement primarily in a side-to-side and back-and-forth manner?

<p>Condyloid joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of extrinsic ligaments in a joint?

<p>They connect the bones and support the joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of intercalated disks in cardiac muscle fibers?

<p>Enable ionic communication between cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle contraction is characterized as involuntary, slow, and long-lasting?

<p>Smooth muscle contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the fusiform shape of smooth muscle cells?

<p>Spindle-shaped with a central nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which description best fits the prime mover in muscle action?

<p>The chief muscle responsible for an action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle does not exhibit striations?

<p>Smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In muscle architecture, what is the structure of a fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone called?

<p>Tendon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle fiber arrangement resembles the shape of a feather?

<p>Bipennate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for muscles that work together to produce the same movement?

<p>Synergist muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Joint

A junction where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement.

Synarthroses

Immovable joints, allowing for no movement. Example: sutures in the skull.

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joints, allowing for limited movement. Example: joints between vertebrae.

Diarthroses

Freely movable joints, allowing for a wide range of motion. Example: the hip joint.

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Fibrous Joints

Joints where bones are connected by fibrous tissue, allowing for little to no movement.

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Sutures

A type of fibrous joint found in the skull, where bones are tightly interlocked.

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Syndesmosis

A type of fibrous joint where bones are connected by a ligament, allowing for slight movement.

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Gomphosis

A type of fibrous joint where a peg-like tooth fits into a socket in the jaw.

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Endomysium

A type of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber.

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Perimysium

A type of connective tissue that surrounds bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles).

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Epimysium

A type of connective tissue that surrounds the entire skeletal muscle.

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Synovial membrane

A specialized connective tissue covering the joint cavity, responsible for secreting lubrication fluid.

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Hinge joint

A type of joint characterized by a cylindrical end fitting into a trough-shaped surface on the other bone, allowing movement in one plane.

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Plane joint

A type of joint characterized by flat articular surfaces, allowing short gliding movements.

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Condyloid joint

A type of joint characterized by an oval-shaped articular surface fitting into an oval-shaped concavity, allowing side-to-side and back-and-forth movements.

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Pivot joint

A type of joint characterized by a round end fitting into a ring formed by bone and ligament, allowing rotation around a long axis.

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Diaphysis

The central part of a long bone, responsible for bone length and ossified from a primary center.

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Epiphysis

The ends of a long bone, responsible for growth and ossified from a secondary center.

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Short Bones

A type of bone that is roughly cube-shaped, has no shaft or ends, and is found in the wrist and ankle.

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Sesamoid Bones

A special type of short bone that forms within a tendon.

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Flat Bones

Bones that are thin, flat, and somewhat curved, like the skull bones, ribs, and sternum.

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Irregular Bones

Bones that have various shapes and do not fit into the other categories, like the vertebrae and hip bones.

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Pneumatic Bones

Bones that contain air-filled spaces, like the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxilla.

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Periosteum

The outer layer of bones that provides blood supply and enables bone growth and repair.

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Intercalated Disks

A complex, dense-staining junction found at the ends of cardiac muscle fibers. It allows rapid communication between cells, crucial for coordinated contractions.

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Gap Junctions

Specialized channels within intercalated disks that allow ions to flow freely between cardiac muscle cells. This enables synchronized electrical activity, leading to coordinated contractions.

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Smooth Muscle

Characterized by non-striated (smooth) muscle cells, these muscles are found in the walls of blood vessels and various internal organs. Contractions are involuntary, slow, and sustained.

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Prime Mover

The primary muscle responsible for a specific action, like bicep contraction for flexing the arm.

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Synergist

Muscle that helps the prime mover, assisting in the same action.

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Antagonist

A muscle that has the opposite action to the prime mover. Example: Triceps (extends arm) vs. Biceps (flexes arm).

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Fixator Muscle

Muscle that stabilizes a joint during movement by other muscles.

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Unipennate Muscle

Skeletal muscle fibers are arranged in a pattern where they attach to the tendon at an angle from only one side.

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Study Notes

Objectives

  • Describe the types of bones and provide examples for each.
  • Define joints.
  • Classify joints by structure and function.
  • Describe anatomical features of synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous joints.
  • Classify muscle types based on histological appearance and function.
  • Classify skeletal muscles according to fiber shape, direction, and action.

Skeletal System

  • Axial skeleton: Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage (ribs and sternum).
  • Appendicular skeleton: Bones of the limbs and girdles.

Parts of a Long Bone

  • Diaphysis: The shaft of a long bone, ossifies from a primary center.
  • Epiphysis: The ends of the bone, ossifies from secondary centers.
  • Periosteum: Outer covering of the bone.
  • Medullary cavity: A long cavity inside the diaphysis. Filled with red bone marrow in children, transitioning to yellow bone marrow in adults.

Blood Supply of an Adult Long Bone

  • Nutrient artery: Supplies the inner 2/3 of the bone.
  • Periosteal artery: Supplies the outer 1/3 of the bone.
  • Epiphyseal artery: Supplies the epiphysis.
  • Metaphyseal artery: Supplies the metaphysis.

Types of Bones (additional)

  • Short bones: Roughly cube-shaped, no shaft or ends (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
  • Sesamoid bones: Shaped like sesame seeds; a special type of short bone formed within tendons (e.g., patella).
  • Flat bones: Thin, flat, and somewhat curved (e.g., most cranial bones, ribs, sternum).
  • Irregular bones: Various shapes that don't fit other categories (e.g., vertebrae, hip bones).
  • Pneumatic bones: Contain air-filled spaces (e.g., frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla).

Joints

  • Definition: Junction between two or more bones; permits movement.

  • Classification (Functional):

    • Synarthroses: Immovable joints (e.g., sutures).
    • Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable joints (e.g., symphyses).
    • Diarthroses: Freely movable joints (e.g., synovial joints).

  • Classification (Structural):

    • Fibrous: Joined by fibrous tissue; sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses.
    • Cartilaginous: Joined by cartilage; synchondroses, symphyses.
    • Synovial: Separated by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.

Fibrous Joints (details)

  • Sutures: Immovable joints that connect skull bones. Fontanelles (soft spots) are temporary sutures in newborns.
  • Syndesmoses: Bones connected by ligaments (e.g., radio-ulnar and inferior tibiofibular joints).
  • Gomphoses: Peg-and-socket joints (e.g., tooth root in its bony socket).

Cartilaginous Joints (details)

  • Synchondroses: Bones united by hyaline cartilage (e.g., epiphyseal plates, sternocostal joints).
  • Symphyses: Bones united by fibrocartilage, with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage over the articulating surfaces (e.g., symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs).

Synovial Joints (details)

  • Found in most limbs; freely movable.
  • Characteristics:
    • Hyaline cartilage: Protective layer on articular surfaces.
    • Joint cavity: Space filled with synovial fluid.
    • Capsule: Connects articulating bones; may have accessory ligaments.
    • Synovial membrane: Lines the joint capsule, secretes synovial fluid.
    • Synovial fluid: Lubricates the joint.
    • Extrinsic ligaments: Support and connect bones.
  • Types of Synovial Joints (Shapes):
    • Hinge: Angular movement
    • Plane: Gliding movement
    • Condyloid: Oval-shaped articular surfaces
    • Pivot: Rotation on an axis
    • Saddle: Back-and-forth/side-to-side movement
    • Ball-and-socket: Spherical head in a socket; multi-axial movement

Muscle Anatomy and Histology

  • Muscle Fiber Types: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle fiber types.

  • Skeletal Muscle:

    • Multinucleated cells, long and cylindrical
    • Peripherally placed nuclei
    • Voluntary control, strong and quick contraction
    • Used in locomotion, mastication, and phonation.

  • Cardiac Muscle:

    • Short, branching cells; centrally placed nucleus
    • Intercalated discs at cell-to-cell junctions
    • Involuntary, rhythmic contractions

  • Smooth Muscle:

    • Spindle-shaped cells; centrally placed nucleus
    • Involuntary, slow, and long-lasting contractions
    • Found in walls of blood vessels and organs.

  • Connective Tissue in Muscle:

    • Epimysium: Encircles the entire muscle.
    • Perimysium: Encircles bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles).
    • Endomysium: Encircles individual muscle fibers.

Classifications of Muscles

  • Action: Prime movers, synergists, antagonists, fixators.
  • Direction of fibers: Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate.
  • Shape: Circular, strap, quadrangular, triangular, rhomboidal, fusiform, spiral.
  • Structure and function: Voluntary and involuntary muscles, categorization of skeletal/smooth/cardiac muscles.
    • Innervation: Voluntary and Involuntary.

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Skeletal System PDF - Gulf Medical University

Description

Test your knowledge on the skeletal system, including types of bones, joints classification, and muscle types. Explore the anatomical features of various joint types and understand the structure of long bones. This quiz covers essential concepts related to human anatomy and physiology.

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