Skeletal Muscle and Joint Anatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle during contraction?

  • To stabilize the joint without movement
  • To shorten and approximate the attachment sites (correct)
  • To lengthen and create distance between bones
  • To relax and reduce joint movement

Which part of a skeletal muscle is less mobile and serves as the fixed attachment point?

  • Tendon
  • Belly
  • Insertion
  • Origin (correct)

What type of muscle fiber arrangement is characteristic of the biceps brachii?

  • Strap muscle
  • Multipennate
  • Fusiform (correct)
  • Unipennate

Which type of joint allows for slight movement and is connected by collagenous ligaments?

<p>Syndesmosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a unipennate muscle?

<p>Palmar interossei (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surface of the scapula is marked by the spine of scapula?

<p>Posterior (Dorsal) surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a primary cartilaginous joint, bones are united by which type of cartilage?

<p>Hyaline cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?

<p>Acromion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle form has a fleshy belly and tendons on both sides?

<p>Bipennate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many borders does the scapula have?

<p>Three (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the intertubercular sulcus located on the humerus?

<p>Between the greater and lesser tuberosities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint does not allow any movement between the bones?

<p>Suture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position of the clavicle characterized by?

<p>A rounded and thick medial end (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of joint is formed between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus?

<p>Shoulder joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the anterior surface of the scapula?

<p>Concave and called subscapular fossa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sesamoid bones?

<p>To reduce friction in tendons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone primarily serves to protect structures or provide muscular attachment?

<p>Flat bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of compact bone?

<p>Hard outer layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes irregular bones from other types of bones?

<p>They have a highly variable shape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural difference between the diaphysis and epiphyses of a long bone?

<p>The diaphysis is composed of compact bone while epiphyses can include spongy bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with pneumatic bones?

<p>They have air-filled spaces replacing solid bone tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of trabeculae in cancellous bone?

<p>To resist compression and tension forces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone primarily grants limited movement and supports areas of the skeleton?

<p>Short bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the divisions of the mouth as described?

<p>Vestibule and mouth proper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the tongue occupies the anterior two-thirds?

<p>Palatine part (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of permanent teeth in a full adult set?

<p>32 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the eruption of primary teeth typically begin?

<p>6 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory glands are included in the digestive system?

<p>Pancreas, liver, spleen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many teeth are present in each half jaw of primary teeth?

<p>5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure divides the pharynx into three parts?

<p>Epiglottis and soft palate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the tongue as described?

<p>Maneuvering food for chewing and swallowing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the submandibular glands located?

<p>At the base of the mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the liver?

<p>Metabolism of absorbed food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What duct is formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts?

<p>Common hepatic duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the contraction and partial emptying of the gall bladder?

<p>Fatty foods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity of the gall bladder for storing bile?

<p>50 ml (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when the cystic duct joins the common hepatic duct?

<p>Bile duct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the body does the common bile duct open into?

<p>Duodenum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the liver is in contact with the right kidney?

<p>Right lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart forms the right border between the superior and inferior venae cavae?

<p>Right atrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as a connection between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

<p>Tricuspid valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms the left border of the heart?

<p>Left ventricle and part of the left atrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which veins bring blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

<p>Pulmonary veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart has a thicker wall than the atrial walls?

<p>Right ventricle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What valve connects the left atrium to the left ventricle?

<p>Mitral valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart is primarily responsible for supplying blood to the lungs?

<p>Right ventricle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature separates the right atrium from the left atrium?

<p>Interatrial septum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Clavicle Ends

The medial end of the clavicle is rounded and thick, while the lateral end is flat.

Clavicle Surface

The anterior surface of the clavicle is convex in its medial 2/3, but concave in its lateral 1/3.

Clavicle Surfaces

The superior surface of the clavicle is smooth, while the inferior surface is rough.

Scapula Structure

The scapula is a triangular flat bone with three borders (superior, medial, lateral), two surfaces (anterior, posterior), and three processes (spine, acromion, coracoid process).

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Scapula Superior Border

The superior border of the scapula extends from the superior angle to the lateral angle (glenoid cavity). It has the suprascapular notch which is transformed into a foramen by the suprascapular ligament.

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Scapula Medial Border

The medial (vertebral) border of the scapula extends from the superior angle to the inferior angle, opposite the ribs from the 2nd to the 7th.

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Scapula Lateral Border

The lateral (axillary) border of the scapula is directed towards the axilla and extends from the glenoid cavity to the inferior angle.

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Scapula Anterior Surface

The anterior (costal) surface of the scapula is concave and is called the subscapular fossa.

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Long Bone

A type of bone with an elongated shaft (diaphysis) and two expanded ends (epiphyses). Examples include bones in the limbs like the humerus and femur.

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Short Bone

Small, cube-shaped bones that provide strength and limited movement. Examples include the bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals).

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Flat Bone

Bones with flat, broad surfaces, primarily for protection and muscle attachment. Examples include the skull bones and scapula.

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Irregular Bone

Bones with irregular shapes that perform specific functions. Example: the hip bone.

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Pneumatic Bone

Bones with hollow air-filled spaces, reducing weight and providing resonance. Examples include air sinuses.

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Sesamoid Bone

Small, nodule-shaped bones located in tendons where they rub over bony surfaces. Function to reduce friction. The largest example is the patella (kneecap).

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Compact Bone

The outer, hard layer of bone tissue. Provides strength and support.

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Cancellous (Spongy) Bone

Spongy, porous bone tissue containing red bone marrow responsible for blood cell production. Arranged in a network of trabeculae (thin beams) for strength.

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What are origin and insertion in the skeletal muscle?

Skeletal muscle is attached to bones by two points: the origin and insertion. The origin is the fixed, less mobile attachment, usually proximal to the joint. The insertion is the less fixed, more mobile attachment, usually distal to the joint.

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How are skeletal muscles classified based on their structure?

Skeletal muscles are classified based on their fiber arrangement. Strap muscles have parallel fibers, fusiform muscles have spindle-shaped fibers, and pennate muscles have fibers attached to tendons at various angles. Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, and circumpennate are subcategories of pennate muscles.

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What is a fibrous joint?

A joint is a point where two or more bones meet, allowing movement. Fibrous joints are connected with fibrous tissue, allowing very little or no movement. Examples are sutures in the skull, gomphosis of teeth in the jaw, and syndesmoses in forearm and leg.

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What is a cartilaginous joint?

Cartilaginous joints are connected by cartilage. Primary cartilaginous joints are found in developing skeletons, where the cartilage later ossifies. Secondary cartilaginous joints, like the pubic symphysis, allow limited movement.

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How does skeletal muscle contraction contribute to movement?

Skeletal muscle contraction causes bones to move closer together. This movement is essential for locomotion and other bodily functions.

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What role do tendons play in skeletal muscle function?

Skeletal muscle is usually attached to bones via tendons, which are tough, fibrous cords. Tendons transmit the force of muscle contraction to the bones, enabling movement.

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How does skeletal muscle obtain energy for contraction?

Skeletal muscle contraction requires energy, which is provided by ATP. Muscle fibers contain many mitochondria, which produce ATP through cellular respiration.

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How is skeletal muscle contraction controlled?

Skeletal muscle contraction is controlled by the nervous system. Motor neurons transmit signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscle fibers, triggering contraction.

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Vestibule of the mouth

The space between the lips and cheeks and the teeth and gums.

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Mouth proper

The central cavity of the mouth enclosed by teeth.

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Tongue

A fleshy, mobile organ at the floor of the mouth, primarily composed of muscles.

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Roof of the mouth

The top part of the mouth, formed by the hard and soft palate, covered in mucous membrane.

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Dorsum of the tongue

The part of the tongue that faces the roof of the mouth.

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Papillae

Small bumps on the anterior ⅔ of the tongue that are responsible for taste.

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Pharynx

The junction between the mouth and the throat.

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Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.

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What is the liver?

The largest gland in the body, responsible for metabolism of absorbed food, detoxification of chemicals, and secretion of bile salts.

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How is the common hepatic duct formed?

The right and left hepatic ducts merge to form the common hepatic duct, which is about 1.5 inches long.

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What does the cystic duct do?

The cystic duct connects the gall bladder to the common hepatic duct, forming the bile duct.

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Describe the common bile duct.

The common bile duct is formed by the union of the cystic and common hepatic ducts. It's approximately three inches long.

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What is the function of bile salts?

Bile salts are produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. They aid in the digestion of fats by emulsifying them.

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Describe the gall bladder.

The gall bladder is a pear-shaped sac located on the inferior surface of the liver. It stores and concentrates bile.

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How is the hepatopancreatic ampulla formed?

The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct merge to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla, which opens into the duodenum.

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Where are the submandibular glands located?

The submandibular glands are located at the base of the mouth and secrete saliva through Wharton's ducts.

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Right Atrium Location

The right atrium forms the right border of the heart, located between the superior and inferior venae cavae. It is separated from the left atrium by the interatrial septum.

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Inferior Vena Cava Function

The inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower limbs and abdomen to the right atrium, entering its lower posterior part.

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Superior Vena Cava Function

The superior vena cava brings blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and thorax to the right atrium, entering its upper posterior part.

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Tricuspid Valve Location

The tricuspid valve connects the right atrium to the right ventricle, and it has three cusps that control blood flow.

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Coronary Sinus Function

The coronary sinus opens into the right atrium, conveying venous blood from the heart wall back to the atrium.

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Left Atrium Location

The left atrium forms the base of the heart, located behind and to the left of the right atrium. It has a smooth interior except for a small rough area.

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Pulmonary Veins Function

The four pulmonary veins deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium, two veins from each lung.

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Mitral Valve Location

The mitral valve connects the left atrium to the left ventricle, controlling blood flow between them.

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Study Notes

Anatomy

  • Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body and the relationship of its constituent parts to each other.
  • The cell is the basic unit of the human body. Cells tend to group together in similar appearance and function, forming tissues.
  • Tissues form organs, and organs form systems, which work together to perform complex functions.
  • The main approaches to studying anatomy are regional, systemic, and clinical (applied).

Regional Anatomy

  • This approach focuses on specific body parts, regions, or subregions.
  • It examines the arrangement and relationships of various systemic structures (muscles, nerves, arteries etc.) within a specific region.

Systemic Anatomy

  • This approach recognizes the organization of body organs into systems working together for complex functions.
  • Key systems include integumentary, skeletal, articular, muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, and respiratory.

Integumentary System

  • Consists of the skin and its appendages.

Skeletal System (Osteology)

  • Consists of bones and cartilages.

Articular System (Arthrology)

  • Consists of joints and their associated ligaments.

Muscular System (Myology)

  • Consists of muscles that cause movement.

Nervous System (Neurology)

  • Composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia).

Circulatory System (Angiology)

  • Includes the cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels) and lymphatic systems which work together to transport bodily fluids.

Digestive System (Gastroenterology)

  • Includes organs and glands associated with ingestion, mastication, digestion, absorption of food, and elimination of solid waste.

Respiratory System

  • Includes air passages and lungs supplying oxygen to the blood and eliminating carbon dioxide.

Urinary System (Urology)

  • Consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra which filter and remove excess bodily fluids.

Reproductive System

  • Consists of gonads (ovaries and testes), and the ducts involved in transporting reproductive cells (eggs and sperm).

Endocrine System (Endocrinology)

  • Consists of discrete ductless glands (such as the thyroid gland)

Clinical Anatomy

  • Emphasizes the application of anatomical knowledge to medicine.

Anatomical Position

  • Erect standing position, eyes forward, arms at sides with palms of hands facing forward and perpendicular to the body.

Anatomical Planes

  • Median sagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left halves.
  • Paramedian sagittal plane is parallel to the median plane.
  • Coronal plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
  • Horizontal or transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Terms of Position

  • Anterior (ventral): structures closer to the front.
  • Posterior (dorsal): structures closer to the back.
  • Superior: structures closer to the head.
  • Inferior: structures closer to the feet.
  • Medial: structures closer to the midline.
  • Lateral: structures farther from the midline.
  • Proximal: structures closer to the point of attachment.
  • Distal: structures farther from the point of attachment.
  • Superficial: structures closer to the surface of the body.
  • Deep: structures farther from the surface of the body.
  • Flexion: Decreasing the angle of a joint.
  • Extension: Increasing the angle of a joint.
  • Abduction: Moving a limb away from the midline.
  • Adduction: Moving a limb toward the midline.
  • Rotation: Turning a bone around its long axis.
  • Circumduction: Moving a limb in a circular motion.
  • Lateral Flexion: Bending the trunk sideways.

Additional topics:

  • Skin: Its layers (epidermis and dermis) function, and appendages.
  • Hairs and follicles: Their structure and distribution on the body.
  • Sweat glands: Their structure and function in temperature regulation.
  • Nails: Their structure and function.
  • Bones (osteology): Various types (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, pneumatic) of bone, structure and functions.
  • Joints: Classification into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial, and common types of synovial joints with descriptions.
  • Muscles : Different forms (strap, fusiform, unipennate, bipennate, multipennated, circumpennate) and their functions.
  • Fat (adipose)

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Description

Test your knowledge on skeletal muscle function, anatomy, and types of joints. This quiz covers various aspects of muscle fibers, joint movements, and the anatomy of the scapula and clavicle. Perfect for those studying anatomy and physiology.

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