Skeletal and Muscular Systems Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of skeletal muscles beyond movement?

  • Hormone secretion
  • Heat production (correct)
  • Tissue repair
  • Nutrient absorption

    • Which type of muscle tissue is under voluntary control?

  • Cardiac muscle
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Smooth muscle
  • Skeletal muscle (correct)

    • How do tendons contribute to joint stability?

  • By increasing muscle contraction speed
  • By extending over joints and anchoring muscles (correct)
  • By connecting bone directly to bone
  • By reducing muscle fatigue

    • What type of epithelial tissue lines the stomach and intestines?

    <p>Simple columnar epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two proteins are primarily responsible for muscle contraction?

    <p>Actin and myosin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do connective tissues play in the body?

    <p>Binding structures together and supporting organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in moving the arm?

    <p>Triceps surae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle tissue lacks striations and is involuntary?

    <p>Smooth muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neurons in nervous tissue?

    <p>To conduct electrical impulses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a neuron carries impulses away from the cell body?

    <p>Axon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is unique to cardiac muscle tissue?

    <p>Centrally located nucleus and striations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue stores fat?

    <p>Adipose tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is under voluntary control?

    <p>Skeletal muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes serous membranes from mucous membranes?

    <p>Serous membranes line cavities that do not open to the outside (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?

    <p>Conducting electrical impulses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of synovial membranes?

    <p>To secrete synovial fluid for joint lubrication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is primarily responsible for flexing the leg at the knee?

    <p>Hamstrings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue lines the digestive tract?

    <p>Epithelial membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the thin sheets of tissue that cover and protect body cavities and organs?

    <p>Body membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neurons communicate with one another?

    <p>Through electrical impulses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bones in the human skeletal system?

    <p>To support and protect soft organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the skeletal system is responsible for hematopoiesis?

    <p>Red marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of body weight does the human skeletal system account for?

    <p>20 percent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do living bones in our bodies respond to mechanical stress?

    <p>They remodel and change shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do calcium salts play in bone structure?

    <p>They provide rigidity and strength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skeleton surrounds and protects the spinal cord?

    <p>Vertebrae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant function of muscle fibers in the muscular system?

    <p>Contractibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle movement is NOT the result of muscle contraction?

    <p>Ciliary action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood calcium levels when they decrease below normal?

    <p>Calcium is released from the bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In aging adults, where is red marrow primarily found?

    <p>In the skull and pelvis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Nervous Tissue

    A type of tissue responsible for coordinating body activities via electrical impulses.

    Neurons

    Cells in nervous tissue that generate and conduct electrical impulses.

    Dendrites

    Extensions of neurons that carry impulses to the cell body.

    Axon

    A single extension that carries impulses away from the neuron cell body.

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    Neuroglia

    Cells that support neurons and do not transmit impulses themselves.

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    Epithelial Membranes

    Thin sheets of tissue that consist of epithelial and connective tissue.

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    Mucous Membranes

    Epithelial membranes lining cavities that open to the outside, like the digestive tract.

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    Serous Membranes

    Membranes lining closed body cavities, secreting fluid to reduce friction.

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    Synovial Membranes

    Connective tissue membranes lining joint cavities, secreting synovial fluid.

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    Skeletal Muscle

    Striated muscle attached to bones, under voluntary control.

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    Skeletal Muscle Functions

    Skeletal muscles facilitate movement, posture, and heat production in the body.

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    Posture Maintenance

    Posture is maintained through continuous muscle contractions that hold the body in position.

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    Joint Stability

    Muscle tendons across joints contribute significantly to joint stability, especially in the knee and shoulder.

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    Heat Production from Muscles

    Muscle contractions generate heat, accounting for nearly 85% of body heat.

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    Upper Extremity Muscles

    Muscles in the upper extremity include those moving the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.

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    Epithelial Tissue Function

    Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces, line cavities, and form glands with functions like protection and absorption.

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    Types of Epithelium

    Epithelial tissue types include squamous, cuboidal, and columnar, arranged in layers.

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    Connective Tissue Characteristics

    Connective tissues support and bind structures, characterized by abundant matrix and fewer cells.

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    Muscle Tissue Types

    Muscle tissue consists of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac types, each with unique properties and functions.

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    Contractile Proteins in Muscles

    Actin and myosin are the main contractile proteins that enable muscle contraction and movement.

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    Skeletal System

    The framework of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons in the body.

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    Vertebrates

    Animals with a backbone or vertebral column.

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    Hematopoiesis

    The formation of blood cells from red marrow in bones.

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    Calcium in Bones

    Bones contain large amounts of calcium, essential for health.

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    Red vs Yellow Marrow

    Red marrow produces blood cells; yellow marrow stores fat.

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    Muscle Fibers

    Specialized cells responsible for muscle contraction and movement.

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    Contractibility

    The ability of muscle fibers to shorten and generate force.

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    Spongy Bone

    Bone tissue found in the interior of bones; contains red marrow.

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    Mechanics of Bones

    Bones act as levers when working with muscles to move the body.

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    Calcium Regulation

    Dynamic process of storing and releasing calcium in bones based on blood levels.

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    Study Notes

    Skeletal System

    • Humans are vertebrates with a spine-centered internal framework (skeleton).
    • The skeletal system comprises bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.
    • It accounts for roughly 20% of body weight.
    • Bones are metabolically active tissues needing oxygen, nutrients, and a blood supply. They remodel in response to stress.
    • Bones provide support against gravity (e.g., large leg bones support the trunk).
    • Bones protect soft organs (cranium protects the brain, vertebrae the spinal cord, rib cage protects the heart and lungs).
    • Bones and muscles work together to create movement through lever systems.
    • Bone is rich in calcium salts (especially calcium phosphate), crucial for metabolic needs.
    • Blood calcium levels influence calcium release/storage in bones.
    • Red bone marrow (in some bones) produces blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets).
    • Yellow bone marrow replaces red marrow with age and stores fat.

    Muscular System

    • Muscles, composed of muscle fibers, are responsible for most body movement.
    • Exceptions include cilia, sperm flagella, and some white blood cell movement.
    • Muscles cause both obvious movements (walking, running) and subtle ones (facial expressions, respiration).
    • Muscle contraction maintains posture and stabilizes joints (e.g., muscles around the knee & shoulder).
    • Heat production (85% of body heat) is a byproduct of muscle metabolism.

    Muscles of the Upper Extremity

    • Upper extremity muscles are categorized by their attachments and actions (shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, hand).
    • Examples include trapezius, serratus anterior, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, rotator cuff, triceps brachii, biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis.
    • Muscles in the forearm control wrist, hand, and finger movements (approximately 20 muscles).

    Body Tissues

    • Tissues are groups of similar cells working together.
    • Tissues have an intercellular matrix (non-living substance) that varies in abundance.
    • Four main tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

    Epithelial Tissue

    • Covers and lines body surfaces and organs including body cavities.
    • Functions include: protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.
    • Cells are tightly packed, with a free surface and attachment to connective tissue via basement membrane (protein/carbohydrate mixture).
    • Epithelial cells are squamous, cuboidal, or columnar, and are arranged in single or multiple layers.
    • Examples include simple cuboidal (glands, kidney tubules), simple columnar (stomach, intestines), pseudostratified columnar (respiratory tract), transitional (stretchable).

    Connective Tissue

    • Widely distributed; connects, supports, protects, stores fat, transports substances, and repairs.
    • Characterized by a plentiful intercellular matrix and fewer cells than epithelial tissue.
    • Some have good blood supply, others don’t.
    • Major cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells.
    • Examples are loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, dense fibrous tissue, elastic tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.

    Muscle Tissue

    • Muscle contraction moves body parts.
    • Tissue is highly cellular with abundant blood vessels.
    • Muscle cells (fibers) are long and arranged in bundles/layers, surrounded by connective tissue.
    • Contractile proteins (actin and myosin) cause muscle shortening.
    • Three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
    • Skeletal muscle: voluntary control, striated, multinucleated fibers.
    • Smooth muscle: involuntary control, spindle-shaped, single nucleus, lacks striations.
    • Cardiac muscle: involuntary control, branching fibers, intercalated disks, one nucleus/cell, striated.

    Nervous Tissue

    • Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
    • Coordinates and controls body activities (movement, sensation, emotions, memory).
    • Neurons transmit nerve impulses (dendrites, cell body, axon).
    • Glial cells (neuroglia) support neurons (protection, insulation, nutrient supply).

    Body Membranes

    • Thin sheets of tissue that cover body and line cavities.
    • Classified into epithelial and connective tissue types.

    Epithelial Membranes

    • Consist of epithelial tissue plus underlying connective tissue.
    • Types: mucous & serous membranes.
    • Mucous membranes line body cavities, such as digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts.
    • Serous membranes line closed body cavities (like the thoracic/peritoneal cavities), and organs (pleura around lungs, peritoneum in abdomen).

    Connective Tissue Membranes

    • Consist only of connective tissue.
    • Types: synovial membranes (joints) & meninges (brain & spinal cord coverings).

    Synovial Membranes

    • Line freely movable joints (shoulder, elbow, knee).
    • Secrete synovial fluid, lubricating cartilage to allow smooth movement.

    Muscles of the Lower Extremity

    • Grouped into anterior, posterior, medial compartments based on location/action.
    • Examples include gluteal muscles (posterior), iliopsoas (anterior), quadriceps femoris (leg extension), hamstrings (leg flexion), tibialis anterior (foot dorsiflexion), gastrocnemius and soleus (foot plantar flexion).

    Muscle Types

    • Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac are the three main muscle types.
    • Skeletal muscle is voluntary and responsible for movement of the skeleton.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the skeletal and muscular systems with this quiz. Learn about the structure, function, and interactions of bones and muscles. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.

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