Sixties Scoop & Canadian Families

• On August 23, 2016, approximately 200 Indigenous people gathered in Toronto to protest the Sixties Scoop
• The Sixties Scoop involved the removal of Indigenous children from their families during the 1960s and 1970s
• Removed children were placed in the care of non-Indigenous families

Increasing Trends in Canadian Families

• A household with a mother, father, and children is not an increasing trend in Canada, as per recent Canadian Census data

• Blended families are known as stepfamilies

• Amanda Jette Knox's book "Love Lives Here" explores relationships with transgender family members

• Adopted children are not an example of a transnational or multi-local family

Satellite Families

• Satellite families are families where members are temporarily separated, typically to secure better economic opportunities
• The term was first used in the 1980s to describe Chinese children whose parents immigrated to North America

Poverty in Canada

• Racialized immigrants in Canada face poverty due to a combination of factors

Child Launch and Velcro Kids

• Child Launch is when children leave their parental home, and is delayed by larger debt and changing economy
• Velcro Kids are young adults who return to their parents' homes due to debt, job prospects, or marital status changes

Multi-Generational Households

• Divorced Canadians are the exception to those familiar with living in multi-generational households and pooling family resources
• A 2020 study by C. Chih et al. revealed health and well-being data on racialized trans and non-binary people in Canada

Relationships and Family

• Resource differentials can produce relationship asymmetry, potentially leading to exploitation
• An extended family is defined as a household shared by several generations or sets of kin
• Economic circumstances can lead to extended family living arrangements

Household Definition

• A household consists of related or unrelated individuals sharing a dwelling

Functionalist Idea

• Whitehead and Perry found that the functionalist idea of separate but complementary sex roles is commonly held among those with strong religious beliefs

Life Course Approach

• The life course approach expands on and revises the developmental theory

George Murdock on Nuclear Families

• George Murdock concluded that the nuclear family serves four basic functions: sexual, economic, reproductive, and educational
• Margaret Mead identified cross-cultural variations and stressed that labour divisions are learned behaviours.

Functionalism

• Functionalism views families as institutions serving specific functions in society

Parsons on Families

• Parsons (1955) argued men are suited to instrumental functions (family survival), while women are better suited to expressive functions

Engels and Marx on Social Life and Family

• Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx believed economic organization affects social life and family relations

Marxists

• Marxists aim to abolish private property, re-establish communism, and return to equitable relations between the sexes

Symbolic Interactionism

• Symbolic interactionism doesn't explore economic forms and relationships

Comacchio

• Comacchio described adaptive families adapting, and initiating larger demographic, economic, cultural, and political trends

Historic Centrality of Families

• The historic centrality of families derives from functions including all of the above which are reproduction, production, socialization, maintenance, and regulation

Traditional Agrarian Communities

• Stem/extended families characterized traditional agrarian communities, and were imported to the New World

Colonial Family Life

• Early marriage and family formation signified adulthood in North American colonies

Colonial Women

• In colonial times, women were subjected to pregnancy before marriage

Evolving Family Life in Canada

• In the new nation of Canada, family life became less about economic subsistence and more about remaining respectable

The Cult of Domesticity

• Queen Victoria inspired the cult of domesticity in the late 1800s, which focused on gendered separate spheres

The Rise of Modernization

• Transportation and communication facilitated modernization

Chain Migration

• Newcomers resettling with families, kin, and villages on the prairies created chain migration

Compulsory Education

• Compulsory school legislation began in Ontario in 1871

Modernization and Family/Structural Change

• Modernization caused the relationship of structural and familial change

Working-Class Families

• Working-class families bore the brunt of exploitation and deprivation during rapid socio-economic changes

Impact of Factory Laws

• "Factory laws" of the 1890s took jobs from women and children
• The middle-class male breadwinner family ideal, was reinforced

The Indian Act

• The Indian Act of 1876 defined Indigenous people as wards of the Crown

Marriage in the 1900s

• In 1900, average marriage ages were 28 for men and 25 for women

The Century of the Child

• The phrase "Century of the Child" marks the 20th century and the view that childhood was a vulnerable stage

The Poor Man's Divorce

• "The poor man's divorce" refers to desertion instead of legal divorce in the early 1900s

Eugenics and Immigration

• During the interwar years, eugenics supporters sought to restrict immigration

Family Allowances Act

• The Family Allowances Act was Canada's first universal welfare measure, developed in 1944

1944 Act (Family Allowances Act)

• The federal government provided mothers $5-8 per month for each child 16 and under

Reconstruction Era

• Postwar reconstruction occurred after WWII and led Canadians to seek domesticity

The Baby Boom

• The Baby Boom began in 1947

"Normal" Family

• The 1950s mark what is considered the "golden age" of the so-called normal family

Italian Immigrants

• Italians were among the largest immigrant groups in 1951

Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation

• Post-WWII, the commitment to supporting the economy led to the establishment of the Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation

Launched and Mid-Life

• Launched often refers to adults in their forties or fifties who have children about to be or already launched

Non-Transitioning

• Non-transitioning is not evolving into culturally expected experiences like marriage and parenthood

Impact of Covid-19

• COVID-19 magnified the need for cross-generational family support due to job loss and evictions

Average Life Expectancy: Canada

• Average life expectancy in Canada is 82.3 (United Nations Development Programme, 2019)

Empty Nest Stage

• The empty nest stage does not refer to a widow or widower co-residing with adult children

Intergenerational Co-residence

• Intergenerational co-residence refers to two or more generations living together in a family

Highest Proportion of Intergenerational Co-residence

• Census Metropolitan Areas with the highest proportion of intergenerational co-residence are Toronto and Oshawa

Mean Age

• In 2016, the mean age of first birth for women in Canada was 29.2

Co-Longevity of Generations

• The term marks the increasing period when members of different generations co-exist

The Term: Boomerang Generation

• "Boomerang children" refers to adult children returning home to live with their parents after independence

Supports & Services

• Being able to live safely and independently with necessary health and social supports/services is referred to as- age in place

Peak Earning

• Mid-life parents provide financial and instrumental support for co-resident children

Recent Statistics

• As per 2008 statistics, the average ages at first marriage: men - 29.6, women - 31.0

Return to Home

• Return to the parental home is often because of several reasons, but not marriage

Serial Home Leavers

• Serial home leavers leave their family home and return multiple times over life's course

Ambivalence Studies

• Sociologists study the negotiation of contradictions in family relationships and their connections to social life: ambivalence

Gray Divorce

• Later-life divorce or "silver divorce" is increasingly acceptable and common: gray divorce

Late-Life Divorce

• Increases due to women, who initiate 40-60% of divorces after 40

Population Aging

• Is characteristic of societies with rising median ages, due to increasing life expectancy, declining birth rates, and low immigration

Remarriage Risk

• Research suggests that couples are at an increased risk of divorce compared to first marriage

Marrying Adults

• Blending two families, when two adults remarry, is also known as complex stepfamily

Bi-Directional Flow

• Bi-directional Flows applies in many categories except friends in times of need

Exchange Patterns

• Family savers are when family members tend to become when challenges force a change in patterns of exchange within the family

Compression of Morbidity:

• Having disability-free old age occurs for older wives and mid-life daughters

Support for Older Parents

• The 3 main domains of older parents financial, instrumental, and emotional support

The Sandwich Generation

• The sandwich generation consists of adults in mid-life who care for both aging parents and supporting their own children

Home Care

• Provision of health and social services combining paid health with support from family/friends

Women & Ages

• By age 85, women will outnumber men by more two to one

Family Forms

• New nuclear is similar to new blended family forms when referring to same-sex dyads forming the nucleus of the family unit

Widowhood & Grief

• The limited understanding of widowhood and long-term same-sex unions and marriages can have disenfranchised grief for surviving partners

Safety Nets

• Cuts to social welfare have weakened safety nets for low-income as related to children wanting to return homes and early launches.

Canadian Employees for Caregivers Plan

• It was launched in June of 2014 consisting of industry leaders from all size of businesses

Caregiving

• Caregiving refers to the need of an individual who support assistance to complete his or her activities of daily living

Survey of Canadian Women & Labor

• A significant sociological survey of Canadian women (1970s) showed womens' unpaid domestic work had been ignored

Growth of Industry

• In the 1980s gender divisions of labor emerged due to a result of focus paid and unpaid work.

Terms & Standards

• "Standard employment relationship" describes the 48 hours for 48 weeks for 48 years model and the male model of employment

Continual Workplace

• When a worker has been involved in continual work, at or most of their working life

Growth of International Workforce Involving Women

• The past several decades have witnessed a dramatic increase of women involved in workforce, for 2015 to 82%

Involvements With Children

• There have been noticeable rate increase for employment and women. for 2015 which 69.5% employed and have children under age six.

Women with Children

• In 2015 women that are currently without children under the age of 25 has been reported to hold jobs at 79.3%

Wage Gap

• The gender wage gap for women workers in Canada varies between 69.7 cents and 88 cents for every dollar earned by men based on calculations

Gender Wage Gap Results

• The gender wage gap results from many scenarios except when the scenario include "women are often paid more than men"

The CWF

• Canadian Women's Foundation in 2017 suggests most employed women are in sectors that aren't management positions

Generational Care

• Women more often care for both young and elderly compared to men- sandwich generation

What Classifies

• Part-time jobs etc such as self-employed would fit non-standard employment

New Standard Employment

• Not standard employment is also known as precarious employment.

Non-Standard

• Includes part time, temporary, or self-employment.

Part Male Part Time Working

• Only 13% of men were part-time compared to the higher percent of women.

Indigenous Women

• In 2016 Indigenous women working fulltime wages earned 65 cents a dollar earned by no-Indigenous

What's Unpaid

• Unpaid work is invisible, unoticed, and hard to measure

The degree if Household

• According to Olivia Harris, the degree when House hold are oppressive and hard to follow varies for income level and varies from cooperation between households

Influences & Impact

• Improved technology heavily impacts household tasks not not much impacts with caring actives for elders or children.

Researcher

• Many of those who researcher that Life is is the number one systemic inequalities between women and men for women.

Since 2006

• Since 2006 fathers who can take parental leave between 9 and 12

Community

• Andrea Doucet names is, "community's responsibility" for community-based responsibility.

Unpaid Work

• In 1970s unpaid work was mentioned as sociology

Gendered Household

• Gendered Data has been collected for time, tasks, and responsibilities

Social Beliefs

• refers for many beliefs about men and women role/relationships vary social

Studies of Household

• According to Linda Carty (1994) women in low-income households have always always been

In House & Out House Work

• The distinction between home and out works is to allocating everything inside to provide what is needed has been labelled by Household word Strat

Social Support

• The term refers to activates for what is required ensuring daily survival

Covid-19

• During covid 19 period, woman's employments went at 30 years

Percentage & Support

• Parental Leave Has increased to 20% parents

Support from Cost

• Benefits from well trained children costs a fraction of it.

Burden Unpaid

• Women are all involved in the category from work that have unpaid

Inequality

• Highest Inequality by the market- racialzed

Community

• Canada has an example how a live in caregiver can be moved to someone new

Hourly Care

• On average a women spends almost 4h for work compared to 2h for men

Population Decline

• The way to counter population and continue to the declining birth rate is immigration

Based on Policy

• System of Immigration by canada in 1867

Status

• As defines or permanent resident (IRPA) there three

European Control

• Following controls into 1970's non European

Urban Life Style

• Big cities are represented by process

Immigrating

• From places for big percent accounted from 25

Canada Arrival

• Majority always arrive as fmailies

Express Entry

• In 2015 Express entry was system to get government

The Majority

• Immigrants economic class is the majority

Canada Data

• 321,035 Is the amount of people immigrated to Canada

Canadian Population

• At the time of 2016 is was46 for Toranto born in Canada

Well Know

• Culture in Host is well knowing

Main Acculturation

• One type of strategy is adaption

Sucess Community

• Can work at many locations with big community adaption

Settlment

• Settling in culture

Integration

• All terms of family aren't of this one

Pre & Post Migration

• Transnational migration family and what goes on

Who Attends

• The ones who live on the other side while parents reside at homeland; parachute kids

People from Countries

• In resettlement, countries experiences depression & stress from the refugee

Inform Training

• Settlers often need assistance for housing

Wealth In Population

• There's wealth but native individuals

Settlements

• Newcomers receive settlemernts

Immigrants Times

• Immigrant have hard time in white neighbors because their usually 4 times more likely

Boss Theorom

• An uncertainty that immigrants experience and grief, loss is ambiguous.

Stay Who?

• The father's stay

The Philippines

• People are from Phil

Came and Didn't

• Came and didn't have women

Cultural

• How children and family go about things for culture values

Represent

• Representation is 22% of those the represent

Parents

• Family Reunification has those adults being parents

Immigration & Protection

• All is explanation over Immigrant

Join

• Immigrant face sponsor as the family

Studies

• Culture teachers don't study parents

Integration Studies

• Complex is studies as to why it has consenseus

Goal Aborigin

• It's all about politics-assimilationist

Treaty Rights

• A Indian act of treaties

All The Above

• The reason you may experience discriminatory practice

Can Buy

• Where the Sphere is false

Non Fem

• By Smith activity

Haundenusaunne

• It just long house

Clan Or Group

• Defined in way impact others what is with clan

Government

• There always communities

Sacred Law

• Sacred Law early settlers only

Way of Marriage

• Women and Indigenous get married

Blends

• Culture Blends

Contact transfer

• 1870 Land got transfered

Imperial to Help

• Government made alliances and title

Territory

• British owned everything

In 1867

• Made Confderation

Confederation Follow

• After nine years passed Indian act in 1876

Lose Of Status

• Loss is what led to enfranchisement

First Nations were involved

• There were numerous of amendmsnt

Government Control

• Indians consider themselves as the Indian's Act

To not get removed can't is

• Can't live away

What means Indian

• Indian is name recorder as registrar's

Replaces act is

• Nations culture as first replacement

Indian phrase

• What he was trying to do by helping India's

Residential School

• In 1831 the first time province opened Mohawk Ontario and Saskatchewan close 1996

Operated

• There were churches being run in there -130

Settelment made largest.

• It all in Candia history at 5 billions dollars

All Residence

• Survivors had attend at 10k

Try To Attend

• A community is how they attempt

Act For Welfare

• Adding an act and to get 88 children.

The Number

• There represents 34 percent

Sixties Scoop

• The child being adopted wasn't right

The Sixties Scoop was coined By-

• By Patrick Johnston always

Dependent on

• What is depending on family individual always

Culture Home

• Home culture has children Quebec