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Questions and Answers
What is another name for glucose?
What is another name for glucose?
Which of the following is a natural source of fructose?
Which of the following is a natural source of fructose?
What is the purpose of galactose in breast milk?
What is the purpose of galactose in breast milk?
What is the composition of maltose?
What is the composition of maltose?
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What is the primary source of sucrose in the American diet?
What is the primary source of sucrose in the American diet?
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What is the difference between refined white sugar and raw sugar?
What is the difference between refined white sugar and raw sugar?
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Why do some food manufacturers use creative names for table sugar?
Why do some food manufacturers use creative names for table sugar?
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What is the nutritional comparison between honey and table sugar?
What is the nutritional comparison between honey and table sugar?
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What is the composition of lactose?
What is the composition of lactose?
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What is the purpose of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in food manufacturing?
What is the purpose of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in food manufacturing?
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What is the primary fuel for muscle and other cells in the human body?
What is the primary fuel for muscle and other cells in the human body?
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What is the term for a sugar composed of two monosaccharides?
What is the term for a sugar composed of two monosaccharides?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three most important dietary monosaccharides?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three most important dietary monosaccharides?
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What is the name of the sugar commonly found in milk?
What is the name of the sugar commonly found in milk?
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Which of the following foods is a good source of glucose?
Which of the following foods is a good source of glucose?
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What is the purpose of the geometric symbols used to represent monosaccharides in this textbook?
What is the purpose of the geometric symbols used to represent monosaccharides in this textbook?
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Why is glucose important in the human body?
Why is glucose important in the human body?
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What is the term for the simplest type of sugar?
What is the term for the simplest type of sugar?
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What is the nutritional value of honey compared to table sugar?
What is the nutritional value of honey compared to table sugar?
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How much protein would you obtain from eating a cup of honey?
How much protein would you obtain from eating a cup of honey?
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What is the role of sugar in baked cereal products?
What is the role of sugar in baked cereal products?
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What is the primary source of honey?
What is the primary source of honey?
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How many kilocalories are in a serving of chocolate milkshake?
How many kilocalories are in a serving of chocolate milkshake?
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Why should honey not be fed to children younger than 12 months of age?
Why should honey not be fed to children younger than 12 months of age?
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What is the approximate amount of added sugar in a serving of apple pie?
What is the approximate amount of added sugar in a serving of apple pie?
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What is the primary function of sugar in food preservation?
What is the primary function of sugar in food preservation?
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What is the nutritional value of a tablespoon of honey compared to a tablespoon of white sugar?
What is the nutritional value of a tablespoon of honey compared to a tablespoon of white sugar?
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What is the purpose of Table 5.2?
What is the purpose of Table 5.2?
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What type of sweeteners do not promote dental decay?
What type of sweeteners do not promote dental decay?
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What is the average energy supplied by sugar alcohols?
What is the average energy supplied by sugar alcohols?
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What is the purpose of nonnutritive sweeteners?
What is the purpose of nonnutritive sweeteners?
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How many high-intensity sweeteners have been approved by the FDA?
How many high-intensity sweeteners have been approved by the FDA?
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What is the brand name of the high-intensity sweetener sucralose?
What is the brand name of the high-intensity sweetener sucralose?
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What was the result of research on cyclamate in the 1970s?
What was the result of research on cyclamate in the 1970s?
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What is the concern about artificially sweetened foods and beverages?
What is the concern about artificially sweetened foods and beverages?
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What is the composition of aspartame?
What is the composition of aspartame?
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What is the main reason why people try to reduce their consumption of foods and beverages sweetened with nutritive sweeteners?
What is the main reason why people try to reduce their consumption of foods and beverages sweetened with nutritive sweeteners?
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What is the benefit of nonnutritive sweeteners in controlling energy intake?
What is the benefit of nonnutritive sweeteners in controlling energy intake?
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What is the requirement for declaring allulose on a nutrition label?
What is the requirement for declaring allulose on a nutrition label?
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What is a natural source of allulose?
What is a natural source of allulose?
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What is the key difference between a nutritive sweetener and a nonnutritive sweetener?
What is the key difference between a nutritive sweetener and a nonnutritive sweetener?
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Which of the following sweeteners is suitable for a child with PKU?
Which of the following sweeteners is suitable for a child with PKU?
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What is the chemical name of blood sugar?
What is the chemical name of blood sugar?
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What is the rare inherited disorder that affects an individual's ability to metabolize phenylalanine?
What is the rare inherited disorder that affects an individual's ability to metabolize phenylalanine?
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Why do people with PKU need to be concerned about their phenylalanine intake?
Why do people with PKU need to be concerned about their phenylalanine intake?
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What is the purpose of the warning label on products containing aspartame?
What is the purpose of the warning label on products containing aspartame?
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What is the chemical structure of allulose similar to?
What is the chemical structure of allulose similar to?
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How does the human body metabolize allulose?
How does the human body metabolize allulose?
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What is the approximate amount of energy supplied by allulose per gram?
What is the approximate amount of energy supplied by allulose per gram?
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What is the reason why sucralose is better suited for sweetening baked products than aspartame?
What is the reason why sucralose is better suited for sweetening baked products than aspartame?
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What is the purpose of the Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADI) established by the FDA and other international health and safety organizations?
What is the purpose of the Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADI) established by the FDA and other international health and safety organizations?
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Why has aspartame been blamed for various health problems?
Why has aspartame been blamed for various health problems?
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What is the primary reason why people with PKU need to follow a special diet?
What is the primary reason why people with PKU need to follow a special diet?
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Study Notes
Simple Carbohydrates: Sugars
- The three most important dietary monosaccharides are:
- Glucose (found in fruits, vegetables, and honey; primary fuel for muscle and other cells)
- Fructose (found in fruit, honey, and some vegetables; easily converted to fat or glucose)
- Galactose (found in milk, particularly breast milk; necessary for lactose production)
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides and include:
- Maltose (glucose + glucose)
- Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
- Lactose (galactose + glucose)
Sucrose
- Sucrose is commonly found in honey, maple syrup, carrots, and pineapples, but most of the sucrose in the American diet is refined from sugar cane and sugar beets
- Refined sucrose is stripped of vitamins and minerals, making it an "empty calorie" source
- Sucrose is often used as a preservative and can contribute to the browning and tenderness of baked goods
Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweeteners
- Nutritive sweeteners are carbohydrates that provide energy, including:
- Sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose, etc.)
- Sugar alcohols (sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, etc.)
- Nonnutritive sweeteners (also known as sugar replacers or artificial sweeteners) provide few or no calories and include:
- High-intensity sweeteners (saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, Neotame, Advantame, stevia, and monk fruit)
- Nonnutritive sweeteners may help with weight management, but can also interfere with a person's ability to regulate their intake of sugary foods and beverages
Nonnutritive Sweeteners
- FDA-approved high-intensity sweeteners:
- Saccharin (200-700 times sweeter than sugar)
- Aspartame (200 times sweeter than sugar; contains phenylalanine and aspartic acid)
- Acesulfame-K (200 times sweeter than sugar)
- Sucralose (600 times sweeter than sugar; made from sucrose that is not digested or absorbed by the body)
- Neotame (7000-13,000 times sweeter than sugar)
- Advantame (20,000 times sweeter than sugar)
- Stevia (200-400 times sweeter than sugar; derived from the stevia plant)
- Monk fruit (100-250 times sweeter than sugar; derived from the Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle fruit)
- Nonnutritive sweeteners are generally considered safe when consumed in typical amounts, but people with certain conditions (e.g. PKU) should be cautious.
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Description
Explore the world of sugars, including dietary monosaccharides, sweetener types, and common sugar sources. Learn about sucrose, maltose, lactose, and more.
