Simple Carbohydrates: Sugars
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Questions and Answers

What is another name for glucose?

  • Levulose
  • Dextrose (correct)
  • Galactose
  • Fructose

    • Which of the following is a natural source of fructose?

  • Cabbage
  • Green beans
  • Asparagus
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the purpose of galactose in breast milk?

  • To provide energy
  • To form lactose (correct)
  • To aid digestion
  • To regulate blood sugar

    • What is the composition of maltose?

    <p>Two glucose molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of sucrose in the American diet?

    <p>Sugar cane and sugar beets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between refined white sugar and raw sugar?

    <p>Raw sugar is less processed and contains molasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some food manufacturers use creative names for table sugar?

    <p>To make their product sound healthier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nutritional comparison between honey and table sugar?

    <p>Both honey and table sugar are almost 100% carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of lactose?

    <p>One galactose and one glucose molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in food manufacturing?

    <p>To satisfy Americans' demand for sweet foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fuel for muscle and other cells in the human body?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a sugar composed of two monosaccharides?

    <p>Disaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three most important dietary monosaccharides?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sugar commonly found in milk?

    <p>Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods is a good source of glucose?

    <p>Fruits and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the geometric symbols used to represent monosaccharides in this textbook?

    <p>To simplify the representation of monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is glucose important in the human body?

    <p>It is a primary fuel for muscle and other cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the simplest type of sugar?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nutritional value of honey compared to table sugar?

    <p>Honey has similar nutritional value to table sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much protein would you obtain from eating a cup of honey?

    <p>1.0 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sugar in baked cereal products?

    <p>It contributes to the browning and tenderness of the food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of honey?

    <p>Flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many kilocalories are in a serving of chocolate milkshake?

    <p>616 kcal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should honey not be fed to children younger than 12 months of age?

    <p>It may cause botulism poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate amount of added sugar in a serving of apple pie?

    <p>6 teaspoons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sugar in food preservation?

    <p>To inhibit the growth of molds and bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nutritional value of a tablespoon of honey compared to a tablespoon of white sugar?

    <p>Honey has similar nutritional value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Table 5.2?

    <p>To provide a list of sugars and other nutritive sweeteners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sweeteners do not promote dental decay?

    <p>Sugar alcohols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average energy supplied by sugar alcohols?

    <p>2 kcal/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of nonnutritive sweeteners?

    <p>To sweeten food without adding calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many high-intensity sweeteners have been approved by the FDA?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the brand name of the high-intensity sweetener sucralose?

    <p>Splenda®</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of research on cyclamate in the 1970s?

    <p>It was found to cause bladder cancer in mice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concern about artificially sweetened foods and beverages?

    <p>They may promote excess calorie consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of aspartame?

    <p>Two amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why people try to reduce their consumption of foods and beverages sweetened with nutritive sweeteners?

    <p>To reduce energy intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of nonnutritive sweeteners in controlling energy intake?

    <p>They provide few or no kilocalories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for declaring allulose on a nutrition label?

    <p>The amount of allulose per serving must be included in the declaration of total grams of carbohydrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a natural source of allulose?

    <p>Jackfruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between a nutritive sweetener and a nonnutritive sweetener?

    <p>The calorie content of the sweetener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sweeteners is suitable for a child with PKU?

    <p>Sucralose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical name of blood sugar?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rare inherited disorder that affects an individual's ability to metabolize phenylalanine?

    <p>Phenylketonuria (PKU)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people with PKU need to be concerned about their phenylalanine intake?

    <p>Because it accumulates in the bloodstream and causes brain damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the warning label on products containing aspartame?

    <p>To alert people with PKU about the presence of aspartame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical structure of allulose similar to?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the human body metabolize allulose?

    <p>It is absorbed by the body but metabolized very little</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate amount of energy supplied by allulose per gram?

    <p>0.4 kcal/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why sucralose is better suited for sweetening baked products than aspartame?

    <p>Because it is not destroyed by heat during cooking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADI) established by the FDA and other international health and safety organizations?

    <p>To ensure the safety of nonnutritive sweeteners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why has aspartame been blamed for various health problems?

    <p>Because it contains phenylalanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why people with PKU need to follow a special diet?

    <p>To prevent the accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolic by-products in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Simple Carbohydrates: Sugars

    • The three most important dietary monosaccharides are:
      • Glucose (found in fruits, vegetables, and honey; primary fuel for muscle and other cells)
      • Fructose (found in fruit, honey, and some vegetables; easily converted to fat or glucose)
      • Galactose (found in milk, particularly breast milk; necessary for lactose production)

    Disaccharides

    • Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides and include:
      • Maltose (glucose + glucose)
      • Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
      • Lactose (galactose + glucose)

    Sucrose

    • Sucrose is commonly found in honey, maple syrup, carrots, and pineapples, but most of the sucrose in the American diet is refined from sugar cane and sugar beets
    • Refined sucrose is stripped of vitamins and minerals, making it an "empty calorie" source
    • Sucrose is often used as a preservative and can contribute to the browning and tenderness of baked goods

    Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweeteners

    • Nutritive sweeteners are carbohydrates that provide energy, including:
      • Sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose, etc.)
      • Sugar alcohols (sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, etc.)
    • Nonnutritive sweeteners (also known as sugar replacers or artificial sweeteners) provide few or no calories and include:
      • High-intensity sweeteners (saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, Neotame, Advantame, stevia, and monk fruit)
    • Nonnutritive sweeteners may help with weight management, but can also interfere with a person's ability to regulate their intake of sugary foods and beverages

    Nonnutritive Sweeteners

    • FDA-approved high-intensity sweeteners:
      • Saccharin (200-700 times sweeter than sugar)
      • Aspartame (200 times sweeter than sugar; contains phenylalanine and aspartic acid)
      • Acesulfame-K (200 times sweeter than sugar)
      • Sucralose (600 times sweeter than sugar; made from sucrose that is not digested or absorbed by the body)
      • Neotame (7000-13,000 times sweeter than sugar)
      • Advantame (20,000 times sweeter than sugar)
      • Stevia (200-400 times sweeter than sugar; derived from the stevia plant)
      • Monk fruit (100-250 times sweeter than sugar; derived from the Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle fruit)
    • Nonnutritive sweeteners are generally considered safe when consumed in typical amounts, but people with certain conditions (e.g. PKU) should be cautious.

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    Explore the world of sugars, including dietary monosaccharides, sweetener types, and common sugar sources. Learn about sucrose, maltose, lactose, and more.

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