Simple Carbohydrates: Sugars

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Questions and Answers

What are the three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans?

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

What is the primary fuel for muscle and other cells in the human body?

Glucose

What is the characteristic suffix of the chemical names of carbohydrates, particularly sugars?

ose

What type of sugar is composed of two monosaccharides?

<p>Disaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of glucose in the human body?

<p>Glucose is a primary fuel for cells, and the body maintains its blood glucose levels carefully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are good food sources of glucose?

<p>Fruits and vegetables, especially berries, grapes, corn, and carrots</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of chemical symbols in representing monosaccharides?

<p>To indicate the number and arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the energy requirements of red blood and nervous system cells, including brain cells?

<p>They must use glucose for energy under normal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for glucose?

<p>dextrose or blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which foods is fructose naturally found?

<p>fruit, honey, and a few vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) used for?

<p>as a food additive to satisfy Americans’ demand for 'regular' soft drinks, candies, and baked goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lactose composed of?

<p>a galactose molecule bonded to a glucose molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of disaccharides?

<p>maltose, sucrose, and lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between refined sucrose and 'raw sugar'?

<p>refined sucrose is stripped of vitamins and minerals, while 'raw sugar' contains a small amount of molasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do some manufacturers use the term 'evaporated cane juice'?

<p>to disguise the presence of table sugar in their product's ingredients list</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nutritional value of honey compared to table sugar?

<p>honey and table sugar have similar nutritional values, with honey containing a small amount of vitamins and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many types of sweeteners are compared in Table 5.1?

<p>five</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of water in a tablespoon of honey?

<p>64%</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much protein and what micronutrients can be obtained from a cup of honey?

<p>1.0 g of protein, 1.7 mg of vitamin C, and 1.4 mg of iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy contribution of each gram of a mono- or disaccharide?

<p>4 kcal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of added sugars in baked cereal products?

<p>Contribute to browning and tenderness of the food</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you determine if a food contains a high amount of added sugar?

<p>If one of the nutritive sweeteners is the first or second ingredient listed on a product's label</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why honey should not be fed to children younger than 12 months of age?

<p>Because it may cause botulism poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can older children and adults eat honey without being concerned about botulism?

<p>Because the mature stomach produces enough acid to destroy the bacterial spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nutritional value of honey compared to table sugar?

<p>Similar</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bees make honey?

<p>By consuming the sucrose-rich nectar from flowers and digesting most of it into glucose and fructose, and then regurgitating it within the beehive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sugar in food preservation?

<p>To inhibit the growth of molds and bacteria that cause food spoilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of added sugars in foods and beverages?

<p>During processing or preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of sugar alcohols in food products, compared to sugars?

<p>They do not promote dental decay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many kilocalories per gram do sugar alcohols supply on average?

<p>2 kcal/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of high-intensity sweeteners in food products?

<p>To sweeten food while providing few or no kilocalories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many high-intensity sweeteners has the FDA approved?

<p>Six</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the nonnutritive sweetener that was banned by the FDA in 1970?

<p>Cyclamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two amino acids that aspartame consists of?

<p>Phenylalanine and aspartic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why may artificially sweetened foods and beverages promote excess calorie consumption?

<p>The taste of products that contain artificial sweeteners may interfere with a person's ability to regulate their intake of sugary foods and beverages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fruit whose extracts are used as a high-intensity sweetener?

<p>Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle fruit (monk fruit)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for consumers to be aware of the ingredients in 'sugar-free' or 'diabetic' foods?

<p>Because most 'sugar-free' or 'diabetic' foods are not calorie-free.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of using nonnutritive sweeteners for weight management?

<p>They help control energy intake and manage body weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rare inherited disorder that some people have, which affects their ability to metabolize phenylalanine?

<p>Phenylketonuria (PKU)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do food manufacturers label products with aspartame with a specific warning?

<p>To alert people with PKU about the presence of aspartame</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the brand name of the artificial sweetener sucralose?

<p>Splenda</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is sucralose excreted from the body?

<p>Sucralose is excreted in feces unchanged</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADI) for nonnutritive sweeteners?

<p>To establish safe consumption limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is allulose, and how is it used in food products?

<p>Allulose is a rare monosaccharide, used to sweeten baked, frozen, and liquid foods and beverages</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body metabolize allulose?

<p>The body absorbs allulose, but metabolizes very small amounts, and the kidneys eliminate it in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the caloric value of allulose compared to sucrose?

<p>Allulose provides 0.4 kcal/g, compared to sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why have some health problems been blamed on aspartame?

<p>Despite scientifically unreliable studies, aspartame has been blamed for various health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stance of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics on nonnutritive sweeteners?

<p>Nonnutritive sweeteners are safe when consumed within acceptable daily intakes, even during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Simple Carbohydrates: Sugars

  • Three most important dietary monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, and galactose
  • Monosaccharides:
    • Glucose: primary fuel for muscle and other cells, especially red blood and nervous system cells
    • Fructose: naturally found in fruit, honey, and some vegetables, commonly used in high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)
    • Galactose: component of lactose (milk sugar), not commonly found in foods
  • Disaccharides:
    • Maltose (malt sugar): composed of two glucose molecules
    • Sucrose (table sugar): composed of glucose and fructose molecules
    • Lactose (milk sugar): composed of galactose and glucose molecules
  • Sucrose:
    • Naturally occurs in honey, maple syrup, carrots, and pineapples
    • Refined from sugar cane and sugar beets, stripped of vitamins and minerals
    • Not a good source of protein, vitamins, or minerals, but energy-rich (4 kcal/g)

Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweeteners

  • Nutritive sweeteners: provide energy, contribute to dental decay (e.g., sucrose, honey, maple syrup)
  • Nonnutritive sweeteners: provide little to no energy, do not contribute to dental decay (e.g., aspartame, saccharin, sucralose)
  • Sugar alcohols: sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol; used to replace sucrose in sugar-free products, do not promote dental decay, but may cause diarrhea
  • High-intensity sweeteners: extremely sweet, provide little to no energy (e.g., aspartame, sucralose, stevia)
  • FDA-approved high-intensity sweeteners: saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, Neotame, Advantame, stevia, and monk fruit

Food and Nutrition Tips

  • Honey: not suitable for infants under 12 months due to risk of botulism poisoning
  • Sugar intake: controlling sugar intake can help with weight management, but artificially sweetened foods may interfere with regulating sugary food intake
  • Alternative sweeteners: sugar alcohols, stevia, and monk fruit can be used as alternatives to sucrose

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