Moss monitoring vitals + devices + pt assessment
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Questions and Answers

What do pale, white, muddy mucus membranes indicate

  • Poor perfusion (correct)
  • Excitement, fever
  • Anemia (correct)
  • Sepsis

    • What do hyper red mucous membranes indicate

  • Poor perfusion
  • Excitement, fever (correct)
  • Anemia
  • Sepsis (correct)

    • What do cherry red mucous membranes indicate

  • Acetaminophen poisoning
  • Carbon monoxide poisoning (correct)
  • Fever, sepsis
  • Hypoxemia

    • Monitoring device used to detect and amplify heart sounds via catheter

    <p>Esophageal stethoscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    External monitor that measures the oxygen saturation level in the blood, also indicates HR

    <p>Pulse oximeter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Device that monitors only the systolic blood pressure; hears blood flow

    <p>Doppler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monitors systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, and mean arterial pressure

    <p>Oscillometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the end tidal CO2 do

    <p>Reads expired CO2 (35-45 mmHg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 4 major body systems that need to be monitored

    <p>Cardiac, renal, respiratory, central nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parameters used to monitor the cardiovascular system

    <p>Mucous membrane color, CRT, and heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal color for mucous membranes

    <p>Pink but cats tend to have slightly paler mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyanotic mucus membranes indicate

    <p>Hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Icteric mucous membranes indicate

    <p>Hemolysis, liver disease, and bile obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brown mucous membranes in a cat may indicate

    <p>Acetaminophen poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ lengthens CRT, while ___________ shortens CRT

    <p>Vasoconstriction, vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shortened CRT can be caused by

    <p>Anxiety, compensatory shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lengthened CRT can be caused by

    <p>Late shock or heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can you evaluate pulse

    <p>Femoral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inability to palpate pulse may indicate

    <p>Low blood pressure (&lt;80 mmHg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dorsal pedal artery is best for what type of patients

    <p>Cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pulse that lacks fullness is termed

    <p>Thready</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pulse that is abnormally strong is termed

    <p>Bounding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An abnormal or lack or pulse may indicate

    <p>Local obstruction to blood flow (thrombus or embolus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normal heart rate for dogs

    <p>70-160 BPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normal heart rate in cats

    <p>150-210 BPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute

    <p>Cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Volume of blood ejected per heartbeat

    <p>Stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compensatory mechanism to increase cardiac output even though stroke volume is decreased

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Causes of tachycardia

    <p>Pain, fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Causes of decreased respiratory rate

    <p>Trauma to the brain or spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased respiratory rate is caused by

    <p>Fever, pain, anxiety, trauma, pulmonary disease, metabolic disorders, morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical signs of respiratory problems

    <p>Abduction of the elbows, extended neck, open mouth breathing, flaring nostrils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases should be monitored closely

    <p>Acute renal disease, cardiac disease, dehydrated and shock patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Less than 95 oxygen saturation is

    <p>Poor perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visualizes the rhythm of the heart

    <p>ECG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This ability is the hallmark of a good vet nurse

    <p>Ability to detect early/subtle changes in an animals clinical status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Termed used to describe oxygenation to the tissues

    <p>Perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is pulse quality that is associated with significant tachycardia

    <p>Thready</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decreased volume of circulating blood in the body

    <p>Hypovolemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dehydration can cause

    <p>Hypovolemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heard when inflammation or bronchitis is present

    <p>Wheezes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cause of crackles

    <p>Fluid and mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cause of dry crackles

    <p>Movement of air through relatively solid material in the bronchi or trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rapid shallow breathing comes from

    <p>Fluid or air in the pleural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Labored pattern on expiration and respiration comes from

    <p>Lung parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muffled lung sounds come from

    <p>Collapse of lung lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mucous Membranes

    • Pale, white, muddy mucous membranes may indicate poor perfusion or shock.
    • Hyper red mucous membranes suggest hyperemia or systemic infection.
    • Cherry red mucous membranes can indicate carbon monoxide poisoning or methemoglobinemia.
    • Cyanotic mucous membranes indicate inadequate oxygenation (hypoxia).
    • Icteric mucous membranes suggest liver disease or hemolytic anemia.
    • Brown mucous membranes in a cat might indicate methemoglobinemia.

    Monitoring Devices

    • A catheter-based monitoring device detects and amplifies heart sounds.
    • An external monitor measures blood oxygen saturation levels and heart rate.
    • A device that measures only systolic blood pressure detects flow sounds.
    • Equipment that monitors systolic, diastolic arterial pressure, and mean arterial pressure is crucial for hemodynamic assessment.
    • End tidal CO2 indicates the adequacy of ventilation and CO2 elimination.

    Body Systems and Parameters

    • The four major body systems to monitor include cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, and renal systems.
    • Cardiovascular system parameters include heart rate, rhythm, blood pressure, and perfusion.

    Clinical Monitoring Metrics

    • Normal mucous membrane color is pink.
    • Capillary refill time (CRT) can be lengthened by vasoconstriction and shortened by vasodilation.
    • Shortened CRT may be caused by shock or hyperthermia; lengthened CRT can result from hypovolemia or poor perfusion.

    Pulse Evaluation

    • Pulse can be evaluated at various sites, including the femoral, radial, or carotid arteries.
    • Inability to palpate a pulse may indicate severe cardiovascular compromise.
    • The dorsal pedal artery is best for assessing pulse in patients with normal blood flow, especially in anesthetized or critically ill patients.
    • A pulse that lacks fullness is termed weak; an abnormally strong pulse is termed bounding.
    • An abnormal or absent pulse may indicate shock or significant blood loss.

    Heart Rate

    • Normal heart rate for dogs is typically 60-160 bpm, depending on size and breed.
    • Normal heart rate in cats generally ranges from 120-240 bpm.
    • Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute.
    • Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected per heartbeat.

    Compensation and Respiratory Patterns

    • A compensatory mechanism for decreased stroke volume includes increased heart rate to maintain cardiac output.
    • Causes of tachycardia can include pain, anxiety, or hypovolemia.
    • Decreased respiratory rate may result from neurologic conditions or sedation.
    • Increased respiratory rate can be caused by pain, fever, or respiratory distress.

    Clinical Signs and Conditions

    • Clinical signs of respiratory problems include labored breathing, coughing, or abnormal sounds.
    • Conditions that should be monitored closely include heart disease, pulmonary disease, and shock.
    • Oxygen saturation below 95% indicates hypoxemia and requires intervention.

    Advanced Monitoring

    • Electrocardiography visualizes heart rhythm post-examination.
    • The hallmark of a good veterinary nurse is the ability to recognize abnormalities and respond promptly.
    • Terms like "tissue oxygenation" refer to the adequacy of oxygen delivery to tissues.
    • Pulse quality tied to significant tachycardia is often weak or thready.
    • Decreased circulating blood volume implies hypovolemia and must be addressed.

    Respiratory Sounds

    • Dehydration can cause changes in vital signs and mucus membranes.
    • Abnormal lung sounds such as crackles indicate inflammation or infection; dry crackles suggest inflammation of the airways.
    • Rapid shallow breathing can result from pain or anxiety.
    • A labored pattern of respiration and expiration often leads to decreased ventilation efficiency.
    • Muffled lung sounds may indicate pleural effusion or lung consolidation.

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