34 Questions
What is required for T cell activation, survival, and proliferation?
Costimulation
Which receptors help in turning off T cell activation?
CTLA-4 and PD-1
What happens if a costimulatory signal is absent during T cell activation?
Anergy
Which molecule becomes non-responsive if it encounters anergy?
CD28
What is the role of CD28 in T cell signaling?
Facilitates activation
What is the function of Zap-70 Kinase in downstream signaling?
Initiates multiple signaling cascades
What modification plays a key role in signaling pathways according to the text?
Phosphorylation
What leads to the recruitment of Lck kinase in intracellular signaling?
CD28 binding to costimulatory ligands
Which event triggers the phosphorylation of the CD28 receptor?
Binding to B7 molecules (CD80/86)
What happens to T cells when negative costimulation occurs?
Turned off and lead to anergy
What is the key modification involved in signaling, as mentioned in the text?
Phosphorylation
Which type of receptor signaling is initiated by recruitment of another kinase and dimerization followed by transphosphorylation?
Extrinsic kinase activity
What type of domain can recognize phosphorylated tyrosine on other proteins?
SH2 domain
Which proteins are targeted for degradation by the proteasome or in lysosomes?
Ubiquitinated proteins
What are proteins that dephosphorylate other proteins called?
Phosphatases
Which modification can function to both activate and inhibit signaling?
Ubiquitination
What is required for optimal T-cell activation and proliferation according to the text?
All three signals: pMHC:TCR engagement, costimulatory ligands, and cytokines
In which signal does TCR binding initiate signaling?
Signal 1
What is the role of CD28 in T cell signaling?
Recruits kinase and triggers phosphorylation for additional signaling
In T cell signaling, what happens if the costimulatory signal is absent?
Clonal anergy results
What function does CTLA-4 serve in T cell activation?
Turns off T cell activation
What event triggers the recruitment of Lck kinase in intracellular signaling?
Binding of costimulatory ligands on APCs
Which modification plays a vital role in turning off T cell activation according to the text?
Dephosphorylation by phosphatases
What is the result of clonal anergy in T cells?
Non-responsiveness to stimulation
How is signaling initiated in receptors with intrinsic kinase activity?
By dimerization and transphosphorylation
What is the function of SH2 domain in molecular interactions?
Recognize phosphorylated tyrosine on other proteins
Which protein modification targets proteins for degradation?
Ubiquitination
What is the role of phosphatases in signaling pathways?
Dephosphorylate other proteins
Which signal directs T-cell differentiation into distinct effector cell types?
Signal 3: Cytokines
What is required for optimal T-cell activation and proliferation?
Costimulatory signals
What triggers the formation of multimolecular complexes around adaptor proteins?
Phosphorylated tyrosines acting as binding sites
What modification plays a key role in both activating and inhibiting signaling pathways?
Phosphorylation
Which event is crucial for turning off T-cell activation?
Dephosphorylation of proteins
What is the primary purpose of adaptor proteins in intracellular signaling?
Provide binding domains for other proteins to bind to
Learn about the two types of receptors in cell signalling pathways: Intrinsic kinase activity and Extrinsic kinase activity. Understand how signalling is initiated by dimerization, transphosphorylation, and kinase activity. Explore how molecular interactions are determined by domains in protein structure.
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