29 Questions
What is the primary role of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
Converting extracellular signals to intracellular responses
How does deregulation of tyrosine kinases (TKs) impact cell signaling?
Leads to constitutive activation of signals
What is the main consequence of evading immune destruction through retroviral oncogenes hijacking normal genes?
Uncontrolled signaling due to mutations
Which type of phosphorylation event is predominant among substrate proteins?
Tyrosine phosphorylation
How are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) classified based on their structure?
By extracellular domains
What percentage of the human genome is comprised of protein kinases?
2%
What is the primary function of protein kinases?
To add a phosphate group to proteins
What is unique about the catalytic domain of tyrosine kinases?
It has a deep catalytic cleft
What is the function of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
To transduce extracellular signals into intracellular signals
What percentage of oncogenes are tyrosine kinases?
30%
What is the relative abundance of tyrosine phosphorylation compared to serine phosphorylation?
0.05% as common
What is the main function of the extracellular domain in RTKs?
Ligand binding
Which of the following is NOT a function of the juxta-membrane domain in RTKs?
Ligand binding
What is the result of ligand-mediated dimerisation of RTKs?
Close apposition of 2 RTK molecules
Which of the following is an example of a growth factor that activates RTKs?
All of the above
What is the purpose of the activation loop in RTK activation?
To phosphorylate the activation loop on the partner RTK
What is the consequence of phosphorylating regulatory tyrosine residues in RTKs?
Removal of kinase inhibition
What is the primary function of the TK domain in tyrosine kinase-linked receptors?
Activation and phosphorylation of non-RTKs
What is the role of associated non-RTKs in the RTK activation paradigm?
They activate the TK domain
Which of the following is NOT a substrate of RTKs?
Protein A
What is the function of the PTB domain in RTK signaling?
Mediation of RTK-substrate interaction
How do GF/cytokine receptors lacking intrinsic kinase domains become activated?
They rely on non-covalently associated non-receptor TKs
What is the result of ligand binding in the RTK activation paradigm?
Receptor dimerisation
Which of the following best describes the role of kinases in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
Kinases are responsible for phosphorylating substrates, which regulates their function in RTKs
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of KINASE-LINKED RECEPTORS?
They are large in number and function as ion channels
What is the functional difference between intrinsic and linked kinases in the context of kinase-linked receptors?
Intrinsic kinases are part of the receptor's intracellular domain, while linked kinases are distinct cytoplasmic or non-receptor kinases
Why are receptor tyrosine kinases currently the pharmaceutical industry's most popular drug target?
They are involved in several pathophysiological processes
Which of the following processes does phosphorylation NOT regulate?
Transcription of DNA
How do multicellular organisms use cell-to-cell communication mechanisms?
Through interactions between extracellular molecules (ligands) and cell surface receptors
Test your knowledge on the activation and signalling paradigm of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs), with examples to illustrate. Understand the structure and function of kinase-linked receptors without intrinsic kinase activity. Learn about the significance of RTKs in cancer pathogenesis.
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