Cell Communication 1
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Questions and Answers

What property of signal transduction is achieved by precise molecular complementarity between signal and receptor molecules?

  • Sensitivity
  • Amplification
  • Specificity (correct)
  • Cooperativity

    • Which property of signal transduction is characterized by small changes in ligand concentration causing large changes in receptor activation?

  • Amplification
  • Sensitivity
  • Specificity
  • Cooperativity (correct)

    • What property of signal transduction involves the activation of many molecules of a second enzyme by an initially activated enzyme?

  • Amplification (correct)
  • Cooperativity
  • Sensitivity
  • Specificity

    • In signal transduction, what is the result of a nerve cell being either stimulated to transmit a full impulse or remaining in its resting state?

    <p>Activation of multiple receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic makes signal transductions highly specific and extremely sensitive?

    <p>Molecular complementarity between signals and receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of signal is produced by the target cell, secreted, and affects the target cell itself via receptors?

    <p>Autocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of signaling do signals target distant cells via hormones released into the bloodstream?

    <p>Endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor receives chemical signals from both outside and inside the cell?

    <p>Intracrine receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do effector proteins do in response to signaling molecules?

    <p>Elicit cellular responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the phenomenon where different cell types may have different sets of receptors for the same ligand, each inducing a different response?

    <p>Receptor specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Cholinergic receptors" respond to which ligand?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of desensitization in cell signaling?

    <p>Cells adjust their sensitivity to a signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does affinity play a role in cell signaling?

    <p>It allows the receptor to detect high concentrations of signal molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of integration in cell signaling?

    <p>To produce a unified response to multiple signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of signal to which cells respond?

    <p>Intracellular lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of continuous presence of a signal on receptors?

    <p>Desensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cell type specificity contribute to signal response?

    <p>Helps cells respond to specific combinations of signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a metabotropic receptor?

    <p>Acts through a second messenger system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors increase sodium permeability across the membrane?

    <p>Excitatory ionotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is an example of an enzyme-linked receptor?

    <p>Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ligand-gated ion channels?

    <p>Forms ion channel pores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor depends on equilibrium potential to produce excitatory or inhibitory effects?

    <p>Ionotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)?

    <p>Acts through a second messenger system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ligands in cellular signaling?

    <p>Bind to a receptor to produce a signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes agonists in cellular signaling?

    <p>Mimic the effects of natural ligands by binding to a receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do antagonists do in cellular signaling?

    <p>Block the effects of agonists by binding to receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecules can act as first messengers in extracellular signaling?

    <p>Steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do neurotransmitters primarily transmit signals between?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as an amine neurotransmitter?

    <p>A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an agonist from an antagonist in cellular signaling?

    <p>Agonists mimic natural ligands, antagonists block their effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Catecholamines like dopamine and norepinephrine serve as neurotransmitters. What is their classification based on?

    <p>Structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amino acids, such as GABA and glutamate, function as neurotransmitters. What sets them apart from other neurotransmitter types?

    <p>Transmission across synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response can be triggered by a signaling pathway where there is a gradually increasing concentration of an extracellular signal?

    <p>Complete and full intensity response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a negative feedback loop in cellular signaling operate?

    <p>Suppresses its own production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the speed of a cellular response to extracellular signals?

    <p>Turnover of signaling molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do effector proteins play in response to signaling molecules?

    <p>Amplify the signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do target cells adjust their responses to extracellular signals?

    <p>Using different mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a cellular response in an all-or-none mechanism based on the strength of the stimulus?

    <p>Complete and full intensity or totally absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is specificity achieved in signal transductions?

    <p>By precise molecular complementarity between signal and receptor molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of signal transduction involves small changes in ligand concentration causing large changes in receptor activation?

    <p>Cooperativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an enzyme once activated catalyzes the activation of many molecules of a second enzyme?

    <p>Amplification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In signal transductions, what distinguishes a full nervous impulse from a nerve cell's resting state?

    <p>Ligand concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of signal transductions that leads to high sensitivity?

    <p>Small changes in ligand concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of signaling involves signals produced by the target cell, secreted, and affecting the target cell itself via receptors?

    <p>Autocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors respond to ligands like Acetylcholine?

    <p>Cholinergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cellular signaling, what role do effector proteins play in response to signaling molecules?

    <p>Elicit cellular responses to signaling molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in signaling pathways?

    <p>Act as first messengers in extracellular signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors increase sodium permeability across the membrane?

    <p>Ligand-gated ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ligands from receptors in terms of binding specificity?

    <p>Receptors exhibit high binding versatility while ligands display high specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ligands in cellular signaling?

    <p>Change the properties of the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter transmits signals across a synapse?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sets amine neurotransmitters apart from other types of neurotransmitters?

    <p>They have distinct classifications such as catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of molecules can act as first messengers in extracellular signaling?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of agonists in cellular signaling?

    <p>Mimic the effects of natural ligands by binding to receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of signal is produced by the target cell and affects itself via receptors?

    <p>Autocrine signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of neurotransmitters like endorphins and endogenous opioids?

    <p>They are peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do antagonists do in cellular signaling?

    <p>Block the effects of agonists by binding to receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes GABA and glutamate among neurotransmitter types?

    <p>They are amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the phenomenon where different cell types may have different sets of receptors for the same ligand, each inducing a different response?

    <p>Functional selectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor forms ion channel pores upon ligand binding?

    <p>Ionotropic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor initiates metabolic steps through a second messenger system?

    <p>G-protein coupled receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) among the major types of cell surface receptors?

    <p>Phosphorylating tyrosine residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect results from inhibitory ionotropic receptors increasing chloride permeability across the membrane?

    <p>Increased hyperpolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor responds to ligands by activating G-proteins and initiating downstream signaling pathways?

    <p>Metabotropic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes enzyme-linked receptors like Guanylyl Cyclases among cell surface receptors?

    <p>Phosphorylating tyrosine residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?

    <p>Autocrine signals are produced by the target cell, while paracrine signals are produced by the emitting cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of effector proteins in cellular responses to signaling molecules?

    <p>Elicit cellular responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor displays high ligand binding specificity to different types of ligands?

    <p>Polyvalent receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the same ligand binds to different receptors on various cell types?

    <p>It induces different responses in each type of cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of second messengers in cellular signaling pathways?

    <p>Amplifying the signal by triggering a cascade of biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor directly opens ion channels upon binding with a ligand?

    <p>Ligand-gated ion channel receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do molecular switches affect proteins/enzymes in cellular signaling?

    <p>Regulate the activity or function of proteins/enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes intracellular signaling pathways from extracellular signaling pathways?

    <p>The requirement for signal transduction in intracellular signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular process involves converting an external signal into a chemical change within the cell?

    <p>Signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of universal properties of living cells related to intracellular signaling proteins?

    <p>They are shared among different cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of desensitization in cell signaling?

    <p>Decrease sensitivity to a continuous signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does desensitization impact the cell's response to continuous signaling?

    <p>Decreases cellular sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does integration refer to in cell signaling?

    <p>Unifying multiple signals for a single response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism allows cells to respond to changes in extracellular signal molecule concentration?

    <p>Specific receptor sets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can desensitization be reversed in cells?

    <p>By reactivating receptors when stimulus falls below threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic enables cells to detect picomolar concentrations of signal molecules?

    <p>Receptor affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do second messengers play in cell signaling?

    <p>Generate signaling molecules in response to receptor activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of DIACYLGLYCEROL (DAG) as a second messenger?

    <p>Regulates membrane-associated effector proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE (IP3) as a second messenger?

    <p>Activates transmembrane receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor facilitates cell-extracellular matrix adhesion?

    <p>Integrins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE (cAMP) among second messengers?

    <p>Diffusion to other parts of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ionotropic receptor?

    <p>Forming ion channel pores upon ligand binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor among the major cell surface receptors is an example of an enzyme-linked receptor?

    <p>Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ligand-gated ion channels among the major types of cell surface receptors?

    <p>Forming ion channels upon ligand binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Guanylyl Cyclases among the enzyme-linked receptors?

    <p>Catalyzing the formation of cyclic GMP from GTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cellular signaling, what effect does an inhibitory ionotropic receptor have by increasing chloride permeability across the membrane?

    <p>Increases cell inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Toll-like receptors' are an example of which type of major cell surface receptor?

    <p>Enzyme-linked (coupled) receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

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