Cell Communication 1

What property of signal transduction is achieved by precise molecular complementarity between signal and receptor molecules?

Which property of signal transduction is characterized by small changes in ligand concentration causing large changes in receptor activation?

What property of signal transduction involves the activation of many molecules of a second enzyme by an initially activated enzyme?

In signal transduction, what is the result of a nerve cell being either stimulated to transmit a full impulse or remaining in its resting state?

What characteristic makes signal transductions highly specific and extremely sensitive?

What type of signal is produced by the target cell, secreted, and affects the target cell itself via receptors?

In which type of signaling do signals target distant cells via hormones released into the bloodstream?

Which type of receptor receives chemical signals from both outside and inside the cell?

What do effector proteins do in response to signaling molecules?

Which term describes the phenomenon where different cell types may have different sets of receptors for the same ligand, each inducing a different response?

"Cholinergic receptors" respond to which ligand?

What is the role of desensitization in cell signaling?

How does affinity play a role in cell signaling?

What is the purpose of integration in cell signaling?

Which of the following is NOT a type of signal to which cells respond?

What is one effect of continuous presence of a signal on receptors?

How does cell type specificity contribute to signal response?

What is the main characteristic of a metabotropic receptor?

Which type of receptors increase sodium permeability across the membrane?

Which type of receptor is an example of an enzyme-linked receptor?

What is the function of ligand-gated ion channels?

Which type of receptor depends on equilibrium potential to produce excitatory or inhibitory effects?

What is the main function of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)?

What is the main function of ligands in cellular signaling?

Which of the following correctly describes agonists in cellular signaling?

What do antagonists do in cellular signaling?

Which type of molecules can act as first messengers in extracellular signaling?

What do neurotransmitters primarily transmit signals between?

Which of the following is classified as an amine neurotransmitter?

What distinguishes an agonist from an antagonist in cellular signaling?

Catecholamines like dopamine and norepinephrine serve as neurotransmitters. What is their classification based on?

Amino acids, such as GABA and glutamate, function as neurotransmitters. What sets them apart from other neurotransmitter types?

What type of response can be triggered by a signaling pathway where there is a gradually increasing concentration of an extracellular signal?

How does a negative feedback loop in cellular signaling operate?

Which factor influences the speed of a cellular response to extracellular signals?

What role do effector proteins play in response to signaling molecules?

How do target cells adjust their responses to extracellular signals?

What characterizes a cellular response in an all-or-none mechanism based on the strength of the stimulus?

How is specificity achieved in signal transductions?

What property of signal transduction involves small changes in ligand concentration causing large changes in receptor activation?

What happens when an enzyme once activated catalyzes the activation of many molecules of a second enzyme?

In signal transductions, what distinguishes a full nervous impulse from a nerve cell's resting state?

What is a key feature of signal transductions that leads to high sensitivity?

Which type of signaling involves signals produced by the target cell, secreted, and affecting the target cell itself via receptors?

What type of receptors respond to ligands like Acetylcholine?

In cellular signaling, what role do effector proteins play in response to signaling molecules?

What is the main function of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in signaling pathways?

Which type of receptors increase sodium permeability across the membrane?

What distinguishes ligands from receptors in terms of binding specificity?

What is the main function of ligands in cellular signaling?

Which neurotransmitter transmits signals across a synapse?

What sets amine neurotransmitters apart from other types of neurotransmitters?

Which class of molecules can act as first messengers in extracellular signaling?

What is the role of agonists in cellular signaling?

Which type of signal is produced by the target cell and affects itself via receptors?

What is a common characteristic of neurotransmitters like endorphins and endogenous opioids?

What do antagonists do in cellular signaling?

What distinguishes GABA and glutamate among neurotransmitter types?

Which term describes the phenomenon where different cell types may have different sets of receptors for the same ligand, each inducing a different response?

What type of receptor forms ion channel pores upon ligand binding?

Which type of receptor initiates metabolic steps through a second messenger system?

What is the main function of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) among the major types of cell surface receptors?

What effect results from inhibitory ionotropic receptors increasing chloride permeability across the membrane?

Which type of receptor responds to ligands by activating G-proteins and initiating downstream signaling pathways?

What distinguishes enzyme-linked receptors like Guanylyl Cyclases among cell surface receptors?

What is the main difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?

What is the function of effector proteins in cellular responses to signaling molecules?

Which type of receptor displays high ligand binding specificity to different types of ligands?

What happens when the same ligand binds to different receptors on various cell types?

What is the main function of second messengers in cellular signaling pathways?

Which type of receptor directly opens ion channels upon binding with a ligand?

How do molecular switches affect proteins/enzymes in cellular signaling?

What distinguishes intracellular signaling pathways from extracellular signaling pathways?

Which cellular process involves converting an external signal into a chemical change within the cell?

What is a key feature of universal properties of living cells related to intracellular signaling proteins?

What is the main function of desensitization in cell signaling?

How does desensitization impact the cell's response to continuous signaling?

What does integration refer to in cell signaling?

Which mechanism allows cells to respond to changes in extracellular signal molecule concentration?

How can desensitization be reversed in cells?

What characteristic enables cells to detect picomolar concentrations of signal molecules?

What role do second messengers play in cell signaling?

Which of the following is a function of DIACYLGLYCEROL (DAG) as a second messenger?

What is the role of INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE (IP3) as a second messenger?

Which type of receptor facilitates cell-extracellular matrix adhesion?

What distinguishes CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE (cAMP) among second messengers?

What is the main function of the ionotropic receptor?

Which type of receptor among the major cell surface receptors is an example of an enzyme-linked receptor?

What distinguishes ligand-gated ion channels among the major types of cell surface receptors?

What is the primary role of Guanylyl Cyclases among the enzyme-linked receptors?

In cellular signaling, what effect does an inhibitory ionotropic receptor have by increasing chloride permeability across the membrane?

'Toll-like receptors' are an example of which type of major cell surface receptor?