18 Questions
According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, how many stages of psychosexual development do individuals experience?
Five
How did Erikson's psychosocial theory differ from Freud's psychosexual theory in terms of the primary motivation for human behavior?
Erikson believed it was social in nature, while Freud believed it was sexual.
How did Erikson's view of personality development differ from Freud's?
Freud believed personality is formed throughout life, while Erikson focused on early experiences.
What did Freud consider as the defining factor of adult personality development?
Conflicts between pleasure sources at each stage
Which theorist regarded early experiences as more important than later ones in shaping personality?
Sigmund Freud
According to Erikson, at what point is basic personality formed?
Throughout the lifespan
What is the main focus of Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development?
The potential development a child can achieve with guidance
Which career path is most suitable for individuals with high visual-spatial intelligence according to Gardner's theory?
Engineer
In Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, what do individuals with verbal-linguistic intelligence excel at?
Debating and storytelling
What does 'actual development' refer to in Vygotsky's theory of the zone of proximal development?
The child's existing knowledge and skills
How does the concept of 'scaffolding' relate to the zone of proximal development in Vygotsky's theory?
It adjusts support during teaching to fit a child's performance level
What is the primary characteristic of individuals with high visual-spatial intelligence according to Gardner's theory?
Learning through images
What was the main focus of Gardner's theory of Existential Intelligence?
Integrating multiple intelligences into classrooms
According to Piaget, what is the concept of moral autonomy in children?
Children view morality as arbitrary
In Piaget's Pre-conventional morality stage, children exhibit heteronomous morality which involves:
Adhering to authority norms to avoid punishment
How do educators typically cater to different intelligences in preschools according to the text?
Through music, movement, and colorful classrooms
Which intelligence was added to the list in 1995, focusing on recognizing flora and fauna?
Naturalistic Intelligence
What is the key aspect of children's moral development in Piaget's theory according to the text?
Viewing morality as arbitrary by age 10
Study Notes
Zone of Proximal Development
- Vygotsky's concept focuses on actual and potential development, where actual development refers to existing knowledge and skills, and potential development refers to knowledge and skills that can be assimilated with adult guidance.
- The zone of proximal development is a crucial aspect of social interaction theory, where scaffolding is used to adjust support during teaching sessions to fit a child's current performance level.
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
- Gardner's theory identifies nine intelligence modalities, each fulfilling eight criteria: brain isolation potential, evolutionary history, core operations, encoding susceptibility, developmental progression, exceptional individuals, experimental psychology, and psychometric support.
- The nine intelligence modalities are:
- Visual-Spatial Intelligence: individuals learn through images, recognize patterns, and visualize objects.
- Verbal Linguistic Intelligence: individuals exhibit writing, language dexterity, auditory skills, debating, storytelling, comprehension, and memorizing abilities.
- Naturalistic Intelligence: individuals recognize and utilize flora and fauna productively in various fields.
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Psychoanalytic theorists emphasize the role of early experiences with parents in shaping development.
- Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes that adult personality is defined by the way we address conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and what reality demands.
- Freud's psychosexual theory consists of five stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
- Erikson's psychosocial theory proposes that individuals develop psychosocial stages, rather than psychosexual stages.
Moral Development Theory
- Piaget's method involved observing children's moral development in their natural environment.
- Piaget introduced concepts of reciprocity and punishment, and believed that children initially have an absolutist view of morality.
- Children develop from heteronomous morality to moral autonomy, where rules are agreed upon for equity and fairness, around age 10.
Explore the fundamental concepts of psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud, focusing on how early experiences with parents shape development. Delve into Freud's psychosexual theory, which emphasizes the impact of early life experiences on psychological issues.
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