Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which muscles are involved in shoulder flexion? (Select all that apply)
Which muscles are involved in shoulder flexion? (Select all that apply)
- Clavicular head of pectoralis major (correct)
- Biceps brachii (correct)
- Coracobrachialis (correct)
- Anterior fibers of deltoid (correct)
Which muscles are involved in shoulder extension? (Select all that apply)
Which muscles are involved in shoulder extension? (Select all that apply)
- Latissimus dorsi (correct)
- Posterior fibers of deltoid (correct)
- Sternocostal head of pectoralis major (correct)
- Teres major (correct)
Which muscles are responsible for shoulder abduction? (Select all that apply)
Which muscles are responsible for shoulder abduction? (Select all that apply)
- Biceps Brachii
- Deltoid (correct)
- Teres major
- Supraspinatus (correct)
Which muscles are involved in shoulder adduction? (Select all that apply)
Which muscles are involved in shoulder adduction? (Select all that apply)
Which muscles perform medial rotation of the shoulder? (Select all that apply)
Which muscles perform medial rotation of the shoulder? (Select all that apply)
Which muscles are responsible for lateral rotation of the shoulder? (Select all that apply)
Which muscles are responsible for lateral rotation of the shoulder? (Select all that apply)
What are the contents of the axilla?
What are the contents of the axilla?
What are the contents of the cubital fossa?
What are the contents of the cubital fossa?
What are the types of shoulder ligaments?
What are the types of shoulder ligaments?
What are the types of bursa in the shoulder?
What are the types of bursa in the shoulder?
What are the lateral cord nerves?
What are the lateral cord nerves?
What are the medial cord nerves?
What are the medial cord nerves?
What are the posterior cord nerves?
What are the posterior cord nerves?
What nerves arise from the roots?
What nerves arise from the roots?
What nerves arise from the upper trunk?
What nerves arise from the upper trunk?
Give three examples of nerve injuries and their consequences.
Give three examples of nerve injuries and their consequences.
What are the muscles supplied by two nerves?
What are the muscles supplied by two nerves?
What are the boundaries of the snuff box?
What are the boundaries of the snuff box?
What are the articulations of the wrist?
What are the articulations of the wrist?
What is the type of wrist joint?
What is the type of wrist joint?
What causes carpal tunnel syndrome?
What causes carpal tunnel syndrome?
What are the manifestations of carpal tunnel syndrome?
What are the manifestations of carpal tunnel syndrome?
What is the treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome?
What is the treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome?
What are the thenar muscles? (Select all that apply)
What are the thenar muscles? (Select all that apply)
What are the hypothenar muscles? (Select all that apply)
What are the hypothenar muscles? (Select all that apply)
What are the small muscles of the hand? (Select all that apply)
What are the small muscles of the hand? (Select all that apply)
Which structures pass superficial to the flexor retinaculum? (Select all that apply)
Which structures pass superficial to the flexor retinaculum? (Select all that apply)
Which structures pass deep to the flexor retinaculum? (Select all that apply)
Which structures pass deep to the flexor retinaculum? (Select all that apply)
Study Notes
Shoulder Joint Muscle Actions
- Flexion: Clavicular head of pectoralis major, Anterior fibers of deltoid, Coracobrachialis, Biceps Brachii
- Extension: Teres major, Latissimus dorsi, Sternocostal head of pectoralis major, Posterior fibers of deltoid
- Abduction: Supraspinatus (initiation from 0-15 degrees), Deltoid (15-90 degrees), Raising the arm above the head (i.e. above 90 degrees) utilizes lateral rotation of the scapula, facilitated by upper and lower fibers of trapezius and lower 5 digitations of serratus anterior.
- Adduction: Pectoralis major, Teres major, Latissimus dorsi, Subscapularis
- Medial Rotation: Pectoralis major, Teres major, Latissimus dorsi, Subscapularis, Anterior fibers of deltoid
- Lateral Rotation: Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Posterior fibers of deltoid
Axilla Apex Boundaries
- Anterior: Clavicle
- Posterior: Upper border of Scapula
- Medial: Outer border of first Rib
Axilla Base Walls
- Anterior: Pectoralis Major & Minor, Subclavius Muscle, Clavi-pectoral fascia (PPSC)
- Posterior: Subscapularis, Latissimus dorsi, Teres Major muscle (SLT)
- Medial: Serratus anterior, Upper 4 ribs, Intercostal muscles (S4IM)
- Lateral: Coracobrachialis, Biceps brachii (CB)
Axilla Contents
- Cords and branches of brachial plexus
- Axillary artery and its branches
- Axillary vein
- Axillary Lymph node
Cubital Fossa Contents
- Biceps brachii tendon
- Median nerve
- Radial nerve (deep branch)
- Brachial artery which divides into Ulnar & Radial arteries
Shoulder Ligaments
- Coraco humeral
- Transverse humeral
- Gleno humeral
Shoulder Bursa Types
- Subscapularis bursa
- Infraspinatus bursa
- Subacromial bursa
Lateral Cord Nerves
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- Lateral pectoral nerve
- Lateral root of median nerve
Medial Cord Nerves
- Medial pectoral nerve
- Medial root of median nerve
- Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
- Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
- Ulnar nerve
Posterior Cord Nerves
- Upper subscapular nerve
- Lower subscapular nerve
- Nerve to latissmos dorsi (Thoracodorsal)
- Radial nerve
- Axillary nerve
Nerves from Roots
- C5 Nerve to rhomboids (dorsal scapular nerve)
- C5, 6 & 7 Long thoracic nerve
Nerves from Trunk (Upper Trunk)
- Nerve to subclavius
- Suprascapular nerve
Nerve Injuries and Consequences
- Thoracic nerve injury: Winged scapula (paralysis of serratus anterior)
- C5, 6 nerve injury: ERB’s paralysis (muscle atrophy; shoulder, flexors of elbow, extensors of fingers.) (Deformity; Policeman waiter tip paralysis)
- C8, T1 nerve injury: Klumpke paralysis or palsy (Muscle atrophy; All the intrinsic muscles of the hand.) (Deformity; Claw hand)
Muscles Supplied by Two Nerves
- Pectoralis major
- Brachialis
- Flexor digitorum profundus
- Subscapularis
Snuff-Box Boundaries and Contents
- Anterior: abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
- Posterior: extensor pollicis longus
- Contents: Radial artery, cephalic vein, Superficial branch of radial nerve
Wrist Articulations
- Above: Distal end of the radius & articular disc
- Below: scaphoid, lunate, triquetram
Wrist Joint Type
- Synovial Ellipsoid
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Compression of median nerve in the carpal tunnel
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Manifestations
- Burning pain, "pins and needles"
- Weakness or atrophy of the thenar muscles
- Inability to oppose the thumb
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Treatment
- Making a longitudinal incision through flexor retinaculum
Thenar Muscle
- Abductor pollicis brevis
- Flexor pollicis brevis
- Opponens pollicis
Hypothenar Muscles
- Abductor digiti minimi
- Flexor digiti minimi
- Opponens digit minimi
Small Muscles of the Hand
- Lumbricals (4)
- Interossei palmar (4)
- Interossei dorsal (5)
Structures Superficial to Flexor Retinculum
- Ulnar nerve
- Ulnar artery
- Palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve
- Palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve
- Palmaris longus tendon
Structures Deep to Flexor Retinculum
- Flexor digitorum superficialis
- Flexor digitorum profundus
- Flexor pollicis longus
- Median nerve
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Description
Test your knowledge on the muscle actions of the shoulder joint, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation. This quiz covers the muscles involved in each action and the anatomical boundaries of the axilla region. Perfect for students of anatomy or anyone interested in understanding shoulder mechanics.
