20 Questions
What did Waugh and Norman's Decay Hypothesis predict about the Brown-Peterson Task?
Greater forgetting in the slower condition
What did Keppel and Underwood find about performance on the Brown-Peterson Task?
Worsened on later trials, indicating interference
What did Glanzer and Cunitz find about the recency effect in memory?
A distractor task wiped out the recency effect but not the primacy effect
What strategy did Sternberg's STM Scanning Task use?
Serial exhaustive search strategy
Which types of codes in Short-Term Memory (STM) were discussed in the text?
Verbal, semantic, visual, and logographic codes
What did Wickens provide examples of in the Brown-Peterson Task?
Release from Proactive Interference (PI)
What did Sternberg's methodological advance involve?
Examining process B when it was repeated one to several times per trial
Which components are part of Working Memory according to the text?
Central Executive, Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad, Articulatory Loop, and Episodic Buffer.
What did Waugh and Norman's results indicate about their Decay Hypothesis?
Little difference between forgetting in different presentation rate conditions.
What did Glanzer and Cunitz's findings suggest about memory systems?
Different memory systems for primacy and recency effects.
What were discussed as two types of interfering effects in memory?
Proactive Interference (PI) and Retroactive Interference (RI)
Which term emphasizes both processing and storage of information?
Working Memory
What is the aim of the Brown-Peterson Task?
To determine the duration of nonrehearsed information in STM
What is the purpose of chunking in memory?
To increase the capacity of Short-Term Memory
What is Miller's Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two related to?
$STM$ capacity
What does decay (or fading) refer to in memory?
Loss of a memory trace due to passage of time
Which term is synonymous with Short-Term Memory?
$Temporary$ Memory
What is recoding in the context of memory?
To group items together and remember the newly formed groups
What does the Brown-Peterson Task involve counting backwards by?
$3$s
What does Mnemonic Devices primarily involve?
To assist in the retrieval of long-term memories
Study Notes
- The text discusses experiments related to Short-Term Memory (STM) and the mechanisms of forgetting
- Waugh and Norman (1965) conducted an experiment on the Brown-Peterson Task, where subjects remembered digits presented at different rates
- Waugh and Norman's Decay Hypothesis predicted greater forgetting in the slower condition, but their results showed little difference between the two conditions
- The Interference Hypothesis predicts similar recall curves for both conditions, and their results support this
- Keppel and Underwood (1962) found that performance on the Brown-Peterson Task worsened on later trials, indicating interference
- Proactive Interference (PI) and Retroactive Interference (RI) were discussed as two types of interfering effects
- Wickens (1972) provided examples of release from PI in the Brown-Peterson Task
- The text discusses different types of recall (free vs. serial) and serial position effects (primacy vs. recency)
- Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) found that a distractor task wiped out the recency effect but not the primacy effect, suggesting different memory systems
- Sternberg's (1966) methodological advance involved examining process B when it was repeated one to several times per trial
- Sternberg's STM Scanning Task used a serial exhaustive search strategy
- Multiple codes in STM were discussed, including verbal, semantic, visual, and logographic codes
- Working memory was introduced as a separate system from STM, with components including the Central Executive, Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad, Articulatory Loop, and Episodic Buffer.
- The text discusses neuropsychological evidence for working memory and individual differences in working memory capacity.
Test your knowledge on the aspects of short-term working memory, including where the immediately present moment is held in consciousness, where active mental effort is expended, and where comprehension takes place. Explore synonyms and differences between short-term and working memory.
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