Psychology Chapter on Memory and Cognition

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Questions and Answers

Which type of thinking is primarily demonstrated by individuals solving problems with multiple possible answers?

  • Symbolic
  • Divergent (correct)
  • Procedural
  • Convergent

In what way do young children commonly engage in imaginary scenarios during play?

  • Conceptual thinking
  • Symbolic thinking (correct)
  • Metacognitive thinking
  • Factual thinking

Which type of knowledge involves understanding specific terms and details?

  • Conceptual knowledge
  • Factual knowledge (correct)
  • Experiential knowledge
  • Procedural knowledge

What term describes the sudden realization or clarity about a solution to a problem?

<p>‘Aha’ experience (C)</p>
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What does metacognition allow individuals to do?

<p>Think about their own thinking (C)</p>
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Which method of thinking is primarily utilized when using language to communicate ideas?

<p>Verbal thinking (B)</p>
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Which knowledge type emphasizes understanding processes and methods?

<p>Procedural knowledge (A)</p>
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Which cognitive approach is least likely to be associated with problem-solving in unpredictable scenarios?

<p>Convergent thinking (C)</p>
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What term describes the process of making information usable?

<p>Encoding (A)</p>
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Which term encompasses various mental processes related to acquiring, storing, and manipulating information?

<p>Cognition (B)</p>
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What challenge is commonly associated with deficits in social cognition?

<p>Understanding facial expressions (B)</p>
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Which statement about the Information Processing View of Learning is false?

<p>There is no limit to the information processed at each stage. (C)</p>
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What is the primary function of short-term memory?

<p>To prevent quick information loss. (B)</p>
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What best describes the cognitive processes involved in recalling past experiences?

<p>Recollection (B)</p>
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Which process involves transferring memories from short-term to long-term storage?

<p>Encoding (C)</p>
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What aspect of cognition is directly related to problem-solving and decision making?

<p>Thinking (C)</p>
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Which of the following is not considered a skill necessary for the 'future' teacher in the 21st century?

<p>Internal focus (A)</p>
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What is the role of students' perception about their intelligence in learning?

<p>It influences their learning outcomes (A)</p>
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Which statement about student motivation is true?

<p>Clear feedback can enhance intrinsic motivation (B)</p>
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How do formative and summative assessments contribute to education?

<p>They are both equally important if interpreted properly (A)</p>
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Which of the following factors does not impact student learning?

<p>Their social skills (A)</p>
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What is true regarding self-control techniques in the learning process?

<p>They can enhance effective learning when applied correctly (B)</p>
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Which of the following is an example of handling individual differences in learning?

<p>Using varied teaching techniques to cater to differences (A)</p>
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Which of the options below does not contribute positively to a student’s learning experience?

<p>Extrinsic motivation over intrinsic motivation (A)</p>
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Which of the following best describes the cognitive load theory's impact on learning?

<p>It hinders the processing of new information (C)</p>
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Which aspect is NOT critical for guaranteeing the implementation of successful eLearning?

<p>evolution (A)</p>
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What is considered a learning tool that facilitates meaningful learning by reducing cognitive load?

<p>topic map (B)</p>
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When cognitive load exceeds the limits of which memory type, learning is adversely affected?

<p>working memory (A)</p>
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Which of the following is necessary for the effective design of educational interventions?

<p>learner readiness (C)</p>
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Which component is NOT included in the Readiness Model for the New Normal in Education?

<p>community readiness (B)</p>
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Which of the following statements reflects a common understanding about emotional factors in eLearning?

<p>Positive emotions enhance learning engagement (B)</p>
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What impact does stress have on the cognitive load process during eLearning?

<p>It can increase cognitive load and hinder learning (A)</p>
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Who developed the social cognitive theory?

<p>Bandura (B)</p>
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What term describes the responses to a person's behavior that influence its continuation or discontinuation?

<p>reinforcements (C)</p>
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How many processes are involved in observational learning, one of which is attentional processes?

<p>four (D)</p>
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What type of model of observational learning includes a real person demonstrating a behavior?

<p>live (C)</p>
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Which concept suggests that behavior, personal factors, and environmental factors mutually influence one another?

<p>reciprocal determinism (B)</p>
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What is the primary outcome of reinforcements on behavior?

<p>They can either increase or decrease the likelihood of the behavior. (B)</p>
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In the context of Bandura's theory, what role does attention play in observational learning?

<p>It enables individuals to retain information for future use. (D)</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a process involved in observational learning?

<p>consolidation (A)</p>
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Flashcards

Retrieval

Accessing information stored in memory.

Encoding

Transforming information into a usable form for memory storage.

Imagination

A cognitive process that involves creating mental images and scenarios.

Cognition

A range of mental processes involving acquisition, storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information.

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Reading facial expressions (Challenges of Social Cognition Deficits)

Difficulty interpreting emotions through facial expressions.

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Information processing analogy

Treating information processing like operations performed by a computer.

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Interactive information processing

Working together

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Convergent Thinking

Focusing on a single best solution to a problem.

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Symbolic thinking

Using symbols to represent objects, ideas, or concepts.

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"Aha" experience

Sudden realization of a solution to a problem.

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Factual Knowledge

Knowledge of terminology and specific details.

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Metacognition

"Thinking about thinking."

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Metacognition definition

A regulatory system that helps individuals understand and control their cognitive performance.

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Cognitive load overload

An overloaded working memory

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Topic maps

Learning tools that help reduce cognitive load in eLearning.

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Readiness Model

Parent, learner, and teacher readiness.

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Perception of ability

Impact student learning

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Prior knowledge

Significant role in learning

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Contextual factors

Influence student learning.

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Motivational factors

Impact student learning.

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Formative and summative assessments

Assessments used for guiding instruction and assessing learning outcomes, respectively.

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Cognitive influence, teaching style, and learning strategies

Addressing individual differences.

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Albert Bandura

Developed social cognitive theory

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Reinforcements

Impact the continuation of a behavior.

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Observational learning

Learning through observation.

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Attention processes

One of the four processes involved in observational learning.

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Live model

An actual individual demonstrating a behavior.

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Reciprocal determinism

Behavior, personal factors, and environmental factors mutually influence each other.

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Study Notes

Memory

  • Retrieval is the process of accessing information stored in memory.
  • Encoding is the process of transforming information into a usable form for memory storage.
  • Imagination is a cognitive process that involves creating mental images and scenarios.
  • Cognition encompasses a range of mental processes involving acquisition, storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information.

Challenges of Social Cognition Deficits

  • Individuals with social cognition deficits may struggle with reading facial expressions.

Information Processing View of Learning

  • Information processing is analogous to computer processing.
  • The human information processing system is interactive.
  • There is no limit on how much information can be processed at each stage.
  • Information is processed in steps.

Thinking

  • Convergent thinking involves focusing on a single best solution to a problem.
  • Symbolic thinking is associated with imaginative play in young children.
  • We think in verbal, mathematical, and through gestures and movements.
  • The "aha" experience describes the sudden realization of a solution to a problem.
  • Factual knowledge refers to knowledge of terminology and specific details.

Metacognition

  • Metacognition involves “thinking about thinking.”
  • It is crucial for efficient independent learning.
  • It is a regulatory system that helps individuals understand and control their cognitive performance.
  • It involves self-reflection and monitoring of cognitive processes.

Cognitive Load

  • Cognitive load theory suggests that an overloaded working memory hinders the acquisition and processing of new information.

eLearning

  • Self-discipline, stress, and emotion are critical aspects of psychology for successful eLearning implementation.
  • Topic maps are learning tools that help reduce cognitive load in eLearning.

Education in the New Normal

  • The Readiness Model for New Normal in Education focuses on parent, learner, and teacher readiness.
  • Key skills for 21st-century teachers include being a facilitator, having strong social skills, and being able to analyze data.

Factors Affecting Student Learning

  • Students' perception of their intelligence and ability can impact their learning.
  • Prior knowledge plays a significant role in learning.
  • Contextual factors influence student learning.
  • Motivational factors impact student learning.

Assessment

  • Formative and summative assessments are important when applied and interpreted appropriately.

Individual Differences

  • Cognitive influence, teaching style, and learning strategies can be used to address individual differences.

Social Cognitive Theory

  • The social cognitive theory was developed by Albert Bandura.
  • Reinforcements are internal or external responses that impact the continuation of a behavior.

Observational Learning

  • Observational learning occurs through a sequence of four processes.
  • Attention processes are one of the four processes involved in observational learning.
  • The live model of observational learning involves an actual individual demonstrating a behavior.

Reciprocal Determinism

  • Reciprocal determinism suggests that behavior, personal factors, and environmental factors mutually influence each other.

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