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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of shock?
What is the definition of shock?
An acute clinical syndrome resulting when cellular dysoxia occurs, ultimately leading to organ dysfunction and failure.
What are the effects of shock on the heart?
What are the effects of shock on the heart?
Which of the following are potential causes of hypovolemic shock? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are potential causes of hypovolemic shock? (Select all that apply)
What is the main feature of progressive shock?
What is the main feature of progressive shock?
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Anaerobic metabolism leads to lactic acid production.
Anaerobic metabolism leads to lactic acid production.
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Which of these is NOT a symptom of shock?
Which of these is NOT a symptom of shock?
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Name one cause of cardiogenic shock.
Name one cause of cardiogenic shock.
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Inadequate flow is also referred to as _____.
Inadequate flow is also referred to as _____.
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Match the following etiologies of shock with their respective causes:
Match the following etiologies of shock with their respective causes:
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Study Notes
Definition of Shock
- Shock is a state characterized by reduced tissue perfusion, leading to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues.
- Reduced tissue perfusion is a result of a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand.
What Happens During Shock?
- Shock leads to inadequate cellular oxygenation, triggering anaerobic metabolism.
- Anaerobic metabolism results in lactic acid production, leading to metabolic acidosis.
- Metabolic acidosis can cause cellular failure and death.
Shock Effects on Organs
- Heart: Decreased cardiac output, hypotension, myocardial depressants.
- Lungs: Decreased gas exchange, tachypnea, pulmonary edema.
- Endocrine: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release, leading to increased water reabsorption.
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Decreased perfusion, resulting in drowsiness.
- Blood: Coagulation abnormalities, including disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
- Kidneys: Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to decreased urine output.
- Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT): Mucosal ischemia causing bleeding and increased hepatic enzyme levels.
Causes of Shock
- Hypovolemic shock: Causes include blood loss (e.g. hemorrhage), plasma and water loss (e.g. vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration), and electrolyte imbalance.
- Cardiogenic shock: Causes include valvular heart disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy.
- Obstructive shock: Causes include cardiac tamponade, pulmonary embolism, tension pneumothorax, and air embolism.
- Neurogenic shock: Causes include paraplegia, quadriplegia, trauma to the spinal cord, and spinal anesthesia.
- Anaphylactic shock: Causes include allergic reactions to injections (e.g. penicillins), anesthetics, stings, and shellfish.
- Septic shock: Causes include infections with bacteria (e.g., gram-positive, gram-negative), fungi, viruses, or protozoa.
Signs and Symptoms of Shock
- Decreased level of consciousness (LOC): Including anxiety and disorientation.
- Tachycardia: Increased heart rate.
- Hypotension: Decreased blood pressure.
- Decreased pulse pressure: Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
- Rapid, shallow breathing: Increased respiratory rate with low tidal volume.
- Skin changes: Cold, pale, clammy, diaphoretic (sweaty), and cyanotic (bluish).
- Decreased capillary refill time: Slow return of blood flow to capillaries after pressure is applied.
- Decreased urine output: Impaired kidney function.
Stages of Shock
- Initial Stage: The cells become leaky and switch to anaerobic metabolism.
- Non-progressive Stage (Compensated Stage): The body attempts to correct the metabolic upset of shock.
- Progressive Stage (Decompensated Stage): Compensatory mechanisms begin to fail.
- Refractory Stage: Organ failure occurs, and shock cannot be reversed.
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Description
This quiz explores the definition of shock, its mechanisms, and how it affects various organs in the body. Understanding shock is crucial for recognizing its signs, symptoms, and subsequent treatment options. Test your knowledge on the physiological changes that occur during shock and their implications for human health.
