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Questions and Answers
What is the normal range for sodium levels in mEq/L?
What is the normal range for sodium levels in mEq/L?
Which intervention is appropriate for managing hypernatremia?
Which intervention is appropriate for managing hypernatremia?
What consequence may arise from the rapid correction of sodium levels?
What consequence may arise from the rapid correction of sodium levels?
What are common symptoms of hyponatremia?
What are common symptoms of hyponatremia?
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What is the critical level for potassium that indicates hyperkalemia?
What is the critical level for potassium that indicates hyperkalemia?
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What is the primary treatment for hyponatremia due to water excess?
What is the primary treatment for hyponatremia due to water excess?
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What is the primary route for potassium loss in the body?
What is the primary route for potassium loss in the body?
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Which of the following functions is potassium necessary for?
Which of the following functions is potassium necessary for?
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Where is sodium primarily regulated in the body?
Where is sodium primarily regulated in the body?
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Which of the following is NOT a known cause of hyperkalemia?
Which of the following is NOT a known cause of hyperkalemia?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with hyperkalemia?
Which symptom is commonly associated with hyperkalemia?
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What characteristic ECG change is expected in a patient with hyperkalemia?
What characteristic ECG change is expected in a patient with hyperkalemia?
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Which nursing intervention is recommended to manage severe hyperkalemia?
Which nursing intervention is recommended to manage severe hyperkalemia?
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How does acidosis contribute to hyperkalemia?
How does acidosis contribute to hyperkalemia?
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Which of the following fluids may be administered to treat hyperkalemia?
Which of the following fluids may be administered to treat hyperkalemia?
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What is the effect of potassium-sparing diuretics on potassium levels?
What is the effect of potassium-sparing diuretics on potassium levels?
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What potassium level indicates hypokalemia?
What potassium level indicates hypokalemia?
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Which of the following is essential for nerve conduction and cardiac rhythms?
Which of the following is essential for nerve conduction and cardiac rhythms?
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What is the term for potassium levels above 5.3 mEq/L?
What is the term for potassium levels above 5.3 mEq/L?
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Which of the following represents the critical value for hyperkalemia?
Which of the following represents the critical value for hyperkalemia?
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Which mechanism primarily maintains the concentration difference of sodium and potassium in cells?
Which mechanism primarily maintains the concentration difference of sodium and potassium in cells?
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Which of the following is a source of potassium?
Which of the following is a source of potassium?
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What is the critical value for hypokalemia?
What is the critical value for hypokalemia?
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What factors can contribute to sodium loss?
What factors can contribute to sodium loss?
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What is the normal range for phosphate levels in serum?
What is the normal range for phosphate levels in serum?
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Which hormone regulates calcium concentration in the body?
Which hormone regulates calcium concentration in the body?
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What role does Vitamin D play in calcium management?
What role does Vitamin D play in calcium management?
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What are severe symptoms associated with hypocalcemia?
What are severe symptoms associated with hypocalcemia?
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Which hormone lowers serum calcium levels?
Which hormone lowers serum calcium levels?
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What condition is characterized by high phosphate levels and low calcium concentrations?
What condition is characterized by high phosphate levels and low calcium concentrations?
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Which condition can lead to a decrease in blood volume and pressure?
Which condition can lead to a decrease in blood volume and pressure?
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What is the primary cause of hypokalemia as mentioned in the content?
What is the primary cause of hypokalemia as mentioned in the content?
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How is hypoparathyroid tetany typically managed?
How is hypoparathyroid tetany typically managed?
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Which condition is NOT associated with factors causing potassium shift from ECF to ICF?
Which condition is NOT associated with factors causing potassium shift from ECF to ICF?
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What is a major role of phosphate in the body?
What is a major role of phosphate in the body?
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What is a common symptom of fluid imbalance?
What is a common symptom of fluid imbalance?
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What is the impact of high phosphate levels on calcium concentrations?
What is the impact of high phosphate levels on calcium concentrations?
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What condition is most commonly associated with hypercalcemia?
What condition is most commonly associated with hypercalcemia?
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What serum potassium level indicates hypokalemia in T.M.'s lab results?
What serum potassium level indicates hypokalemia in T.M.'s lab results?
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What effect does acidosis have on serum calcium levels?
What effect does acidosis have on serum calcium levels?
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What dietary management is suggested for hyperphosphatemia?
What dietary management is suggested for hyperphosphatemia?
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What is the typical potassium concentration in muscle cells?
What is the typical potassium concentration in muscle cells?
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What role does potassium play in glycogen metabolism?
What role does potassium play in glycogen metabolism?
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Which of the following is essential for muscle contractions and blood clotting?
Which of the following is essential for muscle contractions and blood clotting?
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What is likely indicated by a hematocrit of 66% in the context provided?
What is likely indicated by a hematocrit of 66% in the context provided?
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What is the role of cardiac monitoring in electrolyte imbalances?
What is the role of cardiac monitoring in electrolyte imbalances?
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Which of the following describes a potential risk associated with hyperkalemia?
Which of the following describes a potential risk associated with hyperkalemia?
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Which of the following is true regarding potassium and sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?
Which of the following is true regarding potassium and sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?
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Study Notes
Electrolyte Imbalances
- Electrolytes are minerals that conduct electrical impulses in the body
- Hypovolemic shock is a condition of low blood volume due to massive internal or external bleeding, leading to major organ failure.
- Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) is a series of blood tests measuring glucose, calcium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate (Total CO2), chloride, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine.
- BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) normal levels are 10-20 mg/dL, and creatinine levels are 0.5-1.2 mg/dL
- CBC (Complete Blood Count) measures white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), and platelets.
- Hypernatremia is high sodium levels above 145 mEq/L. Causes include dehydration, impaired LOC, and excessive sodium intake.
- Hyponatremia is low sodium levels below 135 mEq/L, a primary determinant of extracellular fluid osmolality.
- Sodium Regulation: Primarily regulated by the kidneys, concentrating solutes in body fluids.
- Dehydration Causes for Hypernatremia: Impaired LOC or excessive sodium intake. Symptoms include thirst, dry mucous membranes, and decreased urine output.
- Hyperkalemia: Elevated potassium levels above 5.3 mEq/L, causes include renal failure, medications (ACE inhibitors, potassium-sparing diuretics), acidosis, and cell destruction.
- Hypokalemia: Low potassium levels below 3.5 mEq/L
- Critical potassium values: 7.0 mEq/L or higher for hyperkalemia and 2.5 mEq/L or less for hypokalemia. Potassium is essential for nerve conduction and cardiac rhythms.
- Potassium sources include fruits, vegetables, salt substitutes, potassium medications, and stored blood.
- Hyperkalemia symptoms: Muscle cramps, numbness, weakness, respiratory distress, abdominal cramping, and ECG changes (peaked T waves)
- Hyperkalemia Interventions: Decreasing oral and parenteral potassium intake, loop diuretics, dialysis, and Kayexalate. Includes IV insulin and dextrose, IV calcium gluconate or calcium chloride, and IV sodium bicarbonate.
- Hypokalemia Causes and interventions: Increased loss of potassium via kidney (due to diuretics or low magnesium); Gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea, laxative abuse, vomiting) and Insulin therapy, adrenergic stimulation, and alkalosis trigger shift of potassium to intracellular fluid. Interventions include fluid replacement with isotonic or hypotonic fluids
- Clinical Manifestations to assess in T.M.: muscle weakness, cardiac irregularities, dehydration; potassium concentration in muscle cells (approx 140 mEq/L) and extracellular fluid (3.5-5.0 mEq/L)
- Risk for activity intolerance is noted in patients with hyperkalemia.
- Hyperkalemia nursing diagnoses include; risk for electrolyte imbalance, risk for activity intolerance, and risk for injury
- Hypercalcemia causes: Malignancy, prolonged immobilization, Hyperparathyroidism
- Hypercalcemia symptoms: lethargy, muscle weakness, confusion, constipation, bone pain, fractures, kidney stones; high plasma calcium concentration; low phosphorus levels.
- Hypercalcemia interventions: loop diuretics, hydration with isotonic saline IV, diet low in calcium, increase weight bearing activity to enhance bone mineralization. Bisphosphonates (example: Fosamax).
- Hypocalcemia causes: parathyroid deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption, overuse of laxatives and disease such as Crohn's or Celiacs.
- Hypocalcemia symptoms: Tetany (sustained muscle contraction), Trousseau's Sign (carpal spasm), Chvostek's Sign (facial muscle contraction).
- Hypocalcemia interventions: Calcium supplements (IV calcium preparations), diet high in calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and increasing intake of calcium-rich foods.
- Normal phosphate levels range between 2.5 and 4.5 mg/dL in serum, and it's controlled by kidneys with high levels potentially lowering calcium concentration.
- Hyperphosphatemia: high plasma phosphate level. Interventions include restricting phosphorus intake, use phosphate-binding agents, and Increasing calcium levels to normalize phosphate levels
- Hypophosphatemia: Low phosphorus levels, often asymptomatic. Causes include malnutrition, alcoholism, and phosphate-binding antacids. Symptoms: include CNS depression, confusion, muscle weakness. -Hypophosphatemia interventions: Oral supplements, increase dietary phosphorus intake, and IV administration of potassium phosphate.
- Hypermagnesemia: excess magnesium in blood due to renal insufficiency. Symptoms: include lethargy, decreased reflexes, muscle tone issues, and depressed neuromuscular and CNS functions.
- Hypomagnesemia: Low magnesium, causes include poor intake, alcoholism, and chronic use of diuretics. Symptoms include confusion, hyperactive reflexes, muscle cramps, and cardiac dysrhythmias. Hypomagnesemia interventions include oral supplements, increasing intake of green vegetables, nuts, bananas, and chocolate; Parenteral IV or IM magnesium when severe.
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Description
Explore the complexities of electrolyte imbalances, including key concepts like hypovolemic shock and the Basic Metabolic Panel. This quiz will cover essential electrolytes, their normal levels, and regulatory mechanisms, as well as conditions such as hypernatremia and hyponatremia. Test your knowledge on how these factors impact health.
