Shock Pathophysiology

Cells switch to anaerobic metabolism when oxygen supply decreases, leading to increased lactic acid production and metabolic acidosis.

The gradual process of cell and tissue death due to oxygen deprivation and lactic acid buildup.

Organ failure is the ultimate consequence of widespread cell and tissue death caused by prolonged oxygen deprivation.

The amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat, influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.

The amount of stretch on the heart muscle before contraction, often influenced by the amount of blood returning to the heart.

The resistance the heart has to overcome to pump blood out, influenced by factors like blood vessel constriction.

The heart's ability to contract forcefully, influenced by factors like calcium availability and medications.

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood pumped by the heart (cardiac output) and the resistance in the blood vessels.

Hypovolemic shock is caused by a decrease in blood volume, often due to bleeding or fluid loss.

Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively due to problems like a heart attack.

Distributive shock occurs when blood vessels dilate excessively, leading to a decrease in blood pressure. Common causes include infections, allergies, and spinal cord injuries.

Obstructive shock occurs when something blocks blood flow through the heart or major blood vessels, such as a pulmonary embolism or cardiac tamponade.

Dissociative shock occurs when the blood's ability to carry oxygen is impaired, often due to severe anemia or carbon monoxide poisoning.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the body's overreaction to an infection, leading to widespread inflammation and organ damage.

Septic shock is a severe form of sepsis characterized by dangerously low blood pressure and impaired tissue oxygenation, putting the patient at high risk of death.

The amount of blood returning to the heart during diastole, influencing the heart's ability to contract forcefully.

The resistance the heart has to overcome to eject blood during systole, influenced by factors like blood vessel constriction.

The heart's intrinsic ability to contract forcefully, influenced by factors like calcium availability.

The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a key hormonal system that regulates blood pressure by controlling blood volume and vessel constriction.

Vasoconstriction refers to the narrowing of blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow.

Vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels, reducing resistance to blood flow.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a life-threatening condition involving widespread clotting and bleeding, often triggered by sepsis.

The '3 in, 3 out' strategy involves administering fluids, antibiotics, and oxygen, while monitoring urine output, blood tests, and lactate levels.

The 'BUFALO' mnemonic helps remember the key interventions for sepsis: bloods, urine output, fluids, antibiotics, lactate, and oxygen.

The immune system's overreaction to infection in sepsis leads to capillary permeability, causing fluid leakage, reduced blood volume, and vaso-dilation, resulting in low blood pressure (shock).

A rash that doesn't fade when pressure is applied, indicating blood leakage from vessels, often a sign of sepsis.