Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a bacterial infection associated with sexually transmitted diseases?
Which of the following is NOT a bacterial infection associated with sexually transmitted diseases?
What is the primary symptom of gonorrhea in men?
What is the primary symptom of gonorrhea in men?
Which of these sexually transmitted infections is caused by a protozoan?
Which of these sexually transmitted infections is caused by a protozoan?
What is the recommended method for collecting a specimen for gonorrhea testing in men?
What is the recommended method for collecting a specimen for gonorrhea testing in men?
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What is the optimal temperature for storing a chlamydia specimen before testing?
What is the optimal temperature for storing a chlamydia specimen before testing?
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Which transport media is suitable for storing a Trichomonas vaginalis specimen before testing?
Which transport media is suitable for storing a Trichomonas vaginalis specimen before testing?
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How long should a sterile swab be inserted into the urethra for collecting a specimen in men?
How long should a sterile swab be inserted into the urethra for collecting a specimen in men?
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What is the characteristic morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae under microscopy?
What is the characteristic morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae under microscopy?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of untreated Trichomoniasis in women?
Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of untreated Trichomoniasis in women?
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What is the correct term for non-gonococcal urethritis in men?
What is the correct term for non-gonococcal urethritis in men?
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What is the primary method for diagnosing a Trichomonas vaginalis infection?
What is the primary method for diagnosing a Trichomonas vaginalis infection?
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Which of the following media is specifically designed for the isolation and growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which of the following media is specifically designed for the isolation and growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
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What is the characteristic appearance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae colonies on culture plates?
What is the characteristic appearance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae colonies on culture plates?
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Which of the following is a distinguishing biochemical characteristic of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which of the following is a distinguishing biochemical characteristic of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Chlamydia trachomatis?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Chlamydia trachomatis?
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The presence of inclusion bodies in a cell indicates an infection with what organism?
The presence of inclusion bodies in a cell indicates an infection with what organism?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Treponema pallidum?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Treponema pallidum?
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What is the primary reason Gram staining is not useful for diagnosing Chlamydia trachomatis infection?
What is the primary reason Gram staining is not useful for diagnosing Chlamydia trachomatis infection?
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What is the distinguishing feature of Candida albicans, allowing for its identification through a germ tube test?
What is the distinguishing feature of Candida albicans, allowing for its identification through a germ tube test?
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Which of the following organisms is NOT a sexually transmitted infection?
Which of the following organisms is NOT a sexually transmitted infection?
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Flashcards
N. gonorrhoeae
N. gonorrhoeae
A bacteria that requires complex culture media for growth.
Culture Medium
Culture Medium
Chocolate agar enriched with 5-10% CO2 for N. gonorrhoeae growth.
Thayer Martin Media
Thayer Martin Media
A selective media used to culture N. gonorrhoeae.
Gonorrhoeae colonies
Gonorrhoeae colonies
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Biochemical Tests for N. gonorrhoeae
Biochemical Tests for N. gonorrhoeae
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API NH Test
API NH Test
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Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis
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Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia trachomatis
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Inclusion Bodies
Inclusion Bodies
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Treponema pallidum
Treponema pallidum
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Candida albicans
Candida albicans
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Urethral swab collection
Urethral swab collection
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Vaginal swab collection
Vaginal swab collection
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Gram-negative cocci
Gram-negative cocci
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Transport media for cultures
Transport media for cultures
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Urethral discharge
Urethral discharge
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Study Notes
Sexual Transmitted Diseases
- Bacterial Infections:
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Causes gonorrhea.
- Chlamydia trachomatis: Causes chlamydial infection and lymphogranuloma venereum.
- Treponema pallidum: Causes syphilis.
- Haemophilus ducreyi: Causes chancroid.
- Mycoplasma genitalium: Causes non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men and cervicitis, endometritis, and possible pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women.
- Fungal Infections:
- Candida albicans: Causes candidiasis (thrush), presents as a superficial infection in men (glans penis) and vulvo-vaginitis with thick curd-like discharge, itching, or burning in women.
- Protozoal Infections:
- Trichomonas vaginalis: Causes trichomoniasis, often asymptomatic in men, but presents as vaginosis with profuse, frothy vaginal discharge in women; also linked to preterm birth and low birth-weight babies.
Urethral Discharge - Diagnostic Methods
- In Men:
- Urethral Swab:
- Collect sample at least 2 hours post-urination.
- Retract foreskin (if applicable), clean the tip of the urethra with normal saline.
- Collect pus directly onto a glass slide or sterile swab.
- If no discharge, insert sterile cotton swab or calcium alginate swab 2-3 cm into urethra and rotate for 5-10 seconds.
- Urine Sample:
- Collect first 10-15 ml of first morning urine in a sterile container. Process immediately.
- Urethral Swab:
- In Women:
- Vaginal Swab:
- Take swab out of sealed package.
- Hold swab in middle of plastic handle.
- Insert swab about 2 inches into vagina and rotate gently for 20 seconds, making sure to touch vaginal walls.
- Place swab in tube.
- Tighten cap and mail per instructions.
- Vaginal Swab:
Transport Media for Culture
- Chlamydia: Sucrose phosphate transport media in cryo vials at 4°C.
- N. gonorrhoeae: Nutritive media with carbon dioxide (Transgrow/Jembec media or non-nutritive media like Stuarts/Amies).
- Trichomonas vaginalis: Diamond medium.
- Important note: Transport must be rapid, avoiding temperature extremes.
Gonococci (N. gonorrhoeae)
- Morphology: Gram-negative, aerobic, capnophilic, non-flagellated, non-sporulating, oxidase- and catalase-positive cocci, appearing in pairs (diplococci) with opposing sides flattened. Microscope morphology is kidney or coffee bean-shaped.
- Culture Requirements: Complex, nutritionally enriched media needed for in-vitro growth.
N. gonorrhoeae - Clinical Samples and Culture
- Samples: Urethral swab, endocervical swab, eye swab, throat swab, rectal swab, and urine.
- Culture Media: Chocolate agar with 5-10% CO2.
- Selective Media: Thayer-Martin media (and Modified Thayer-Martin media)
- Colony Appearance (on culture plates): Small, raised, translucent colonies.
Gram Staining - N. gonorrhoeae vs. N. meningitides
- Gram staining differentiates based on colony appearance. These differences are shown visually in images related to the method.
Biochemical Tests - N. gonorrhoeae
- Catalase: Positive
- Oxidase: Positive
- Carbohydrate Fermentation: Used to differentiate between Neisseria species; N. gonorrhoeae ferments glucose to produce acid.
- API NH (Neisseria-Haemophilus) Identification Kit: Demonstrates the profile of N. gonorrhoeae. (These are sets of biochemical tests).
Carbohydrate Tests for Neisseria Species
- N. gonorrhoeae: Produces acid from glucose utilization.
- N. meningitides: Utilizes glucose and maltose.
Oxidase Test – N. gonorrhoeae
- Positive result appears as a purple color change on the slide.
Rapid Biochemical Test – API Test
- Components: 10 microtubes with dehydrated substrates.
- Function: Enables 12 identification tests (enzymatic reactions or sugar fermentations).
Trichomonas Vaginalis
- Morphology: Single-celled, pathogenic protozoa, not forming cysts, and flagellated, facultative anaerobic parasites. Only trophozoites (active form) present.
- Diagnosis: Wet mount examination, looking for short undulating membrane, and other morphological features. Pap smear can identify trichomonas within cervical cells.
Chlamydia trachomatis
- Infectious Particles: Elementary bodies (EB) and Reticulate bodies (RB). EB has high affinity for host cells and rapidly enters through receptor-mediated endocytosis.
- Life Cycle: EB transforms to RB, which multiply by binary fission within host cells. RBs convert back to EBs and are released. The total cycle time is 24-48 hrs.
Chlamydia trachomatis - Diagnosis
- Gram Stain: Not useful; chlamydia bacteria are gram-variable and have different peptidoglycan layer structures.
- EB Stain: Purple with Giemsa's stain in contrast to host cell's blue cytoplasm.
- RB Stain: Blue with Giemsa's stain.
- Inclusion bodies: Unique inclusion bodies created by chlamydia species can be identified by staining using iodine solution and observing the brown color.
Candida albicans - Morphology and Culture
- Morphology: Budding yeast cells. Can also grow as pseudohyphae or true hyphae forms.
- Microscopy: Can be visualised through microscopy as single ovoid cells (yeast cells) and in groups of budding cells (budding yeast cells).
Candida albicans - Infection Areas
- Gl tract, respiratory tract, skin, and genitourinary tract.
Vaginal Thrush (Candida) - Infection Cycle
- Detailed infection cycle depicted by a diagram on slides. Key stages highlighted showing adherence, biofilm formation, initiation, maturation, and dispersion.
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
- Morphology: Spirochaete, helical, motile bacterium with endoflagellum. Found in human tissues.
- Transmission: Only among humans.
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis Stages
- Primary: Lesions usually at site of infection.
- Secondary: Dissemination throughout the body, skin rashes, etc.
- Tertiary: Extensive tissue damage.
Treponema pallidum - Diagnosis
- Culture: Not possible in labs.
- Clinical Tests: Serological tests, dark field microscopy, immunofluorescence.
Haemophilus ducreyi Diagnosis
- Samples: Samples taken from lesions and lymph nodes.
- Culture: Rapid culturing required on chocolate agar.
- Differential tests: Differentiated from Neisseria through specific biochemical tests.
Haemophilus ducreyi Morphology and Characteristics
- Gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic
- Fastidious, and quickly dies outside a human host.
- This difficulty in growing out these bacteria means diagnosis usually relies on its distinctive appearance in clinical situations.
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Description
This quiz covers various sexually transmitted diseases, including bacterial, fungal, and protozoal infections. Explore the causes and symptoms of these infections, along with diagnostic methods for urethral discharge in men. Test your knowledge on STDs and enhance your understanding of this important health topic.
