Sexual Selection and Determining Systems
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Questions and Answers

What phenomenon occurs when two interacting groups, such as hosts and parasites, speciate in tandem?

  • Adaptive Radiation
  • Gene Duplication
  • Co-speciation (correct)
  • Convergent Evolution

    • An evolutionary arms race can be observed between predators and their prey, leading to reciprocal adaptations.

    True (A)

    What is the name of the toxin produced by newts that is involved in their defense against predators?

    Tetrodotoxin

    The phenomenon where species evolve in a way that reduces competition by developing differing traits is called __________.

    <p>Ecological Character Displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Adaptive Radiation = Evolution of a variety of forms from common ancestors due to different environments Gene Duplication = The process of creating additional copies of genes within the genome Convergent Evolution = Different species evolve similar traits independently due to similar environments Latitudinal Gradient in Species Diversity = The pattern that species diversity tends to increase towards the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes what happens in co-evolution?

    <p>Species evolve in response to each other’s adaptations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gene duplication can lead to increased genetic diversity by creating new gene functions.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of evolutionary interaction involves similar traits arising in different species due to adaptation to similar environments?

    <p>Convergent Evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when two species compete for similar resources?

    <p>Divergence in ecological characters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecological character displacement involves hybridization between competing species.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of selection is exemplified when a single population has extreme fitness traits?

    <p>disruptive selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Batesian mimics gain protection by looking like the ______ species but are actually palatable.

    <p>toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key adaptation that enables invertebrates to exploit new ecological opportunities?

    <p>Stronger jaws for diverse diets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increased number of species in a clade over time?

    <p>diversification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Latitudinal gradients tend to show that species diversity decreases as you move towards the poles.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adaptive radiation?

    <p>Divergence of species into a variety of forms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Late bursts of speciation typically involve many lineages existing for an extended period with little speciation.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common example of adaptive radiation observed in nature?

    <p>Darwin's finches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Convergent evolution occurs when different species evolve similar traits as a result of _____.

    <p>similar environmental pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically causes the slowdown in diversification rates in certain clades?

    <p>Niche filling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Gene Duplication = The process where a gene is copied, potentially leading to new functions Latitudinal Gradient in Species Diversity = The general increase in species richness from the poles to the equator Convergent Evolution = When unrelated species develop similar traits due to environmental pressures Adaptive Radiation = The diversification of a lineage into multiple forms adapted to different environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate of species production generally shows a notable change over time.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason adaptive radiation often occurs on islands?

    <p>Islands provide isolated environments with unique resources and ecological niches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Ecological Character Displacement

    Differences in traits between two species when they occur in the same environment, driven by competition for resources.

    Batesian Mimicry

    A harmless species evolves to resemble a harmful one to gain protection from predators.

    Millerian Mimicry

    Several harmful species evolve similar warning signals, increasing the effectiveness of the warning for all.

    Diversification

    Evolutionary increase in the number of species within a group usually associated with trait differences.

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    Key Adaptation/Innovation

    A trait that allows an organism to exploit a new ecological niche, leading to species diversification.

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    Ecological Opportunity

    A new ecological niche or resource availability that is exploited by an organism's traits, leading to diversification.

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    Resource Overlap

    When two species utilize similar resources. Can lead to divergence in traits.

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    Disruptive Selection

    Natural selection favoring both extremes of a trait, leading to two distinct types.

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    Key Adaptations

    Features that help an organism survive and reproduce in a specific environment, influencing diversification.

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    Sister Clades

    Two closely related groups (species or higher taxa) that share a common ancestor.

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    Lineages Through Time

    Study of diversification patterns through time, examining how species have evolved and branched.

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    Adaptive Radiation

    When a single lineage diversifies into many different, new forms, adapted to various environments.

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    Early Burst of Speciation

    Rapid increase in new species over a relatively short period of time.

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    Diversification Patterns

    Changes over time in a species numbers and varieties.

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    Ecomorphs

    Species adapted to specific ecological roles in similar environments.

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    Convergent Evolution

    Independent evolution of similar traits in different lineages due to similar environments.

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    Coevolution

    The independent evolution of two interacting species, where the evolution of one species affects the evolution of the other.

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    Evolutionary Arms Race

    A reciprocal process where species evolve traits that help them overcome the defenses of others. This is a type of coevolution.

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    Co-speciation

    Parallel branching in diversification of interacting groups, like a host and parasite.

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    Toxicity and Resistance

    Evolutionary response to harmful substances, where one species evolves increased toxicity and the other evolves enhanced resistance against it, such as with newts and snakes.

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    Fitness service

    A characteristic or trait that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

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    Character Displacement

    Species in co-existence evolve to display different traits, and this minimizes competition.

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    Study Notes

    Sexual Selection

    • Anisogamy is the fundamental difference between male and female gametes (in plants and animals)
    • Anisogamy drives sexual selection, creating differences in sexes (sexual dimorphism)
    • Extreme anisogamy is seen in species like the kiwi, where females invest heavily in egg production, which reduces their mobility and protection

    Sex Determining Systems

    • Sex determination can be environmental (e.g., reptiles), depending on incubation temperature, or genetic (e.g., mammals with XY/XX or birds with ZW/ZZ systems)
    • Different sex determination systems affect sexual selection pressures

    Sexual Selection

    • Primary sexual traits are directly involved in reproduction (e.g., genitalia)
    • Secondary sexual traits are used in mate attraction (e.g., elaborate plumage or antlers)
    • Darwin recognised that selection for secondary sexual traits often isn't directly linked to survival, but rather to competition for mates (sexual selection)
    • Sexual selection (selection for mating success) is comparable to natural selection.

    Sexual Selection Models

    • Male-male competition: Competition for mates among males (e.g., battles, displays)
    • Female choice: Females select males based on specific traits (e.g., plumage, ornaments). This can lead to traits that enhance mating success but may reduce survivability.
    • Sensory bias: Mate traits that exploit pre-existing sensory biases in females (even if the trait itself doesn't offer any direct survival benefit)
    • Good genes: Females choose males based on traits that indicate overall quality, suggesting better genetic fitness in the offspring.

    Co-evolution

    • Co-evolution is the joint evolution of two or more ecologically interacting species
    • Coevolution occurs in response to selection pressures imposed by other species.
    • Species can co-evolve through co-diversification, creating tandem phylogenies (parallel evolutionary events) for closely related (or interacting) species (e.g., parasites and hosts).
    • Evolutionary arm races can occur between predator and prey species, where prey develops adaptations to avoid predation, while predators adapt to overcome those defences.

    Diversity of Species

    • Diversification is an increase in the number of species in a clade.
    • Diversification rates can be influenced by ecological opportunities (opening up new ecological niches, for example. It can increase if there are no constraints such as predators.
    • Many key adaptations or innovations (specific traits) allow species to exploit new resources and habitats
    • Speciation rates can vary greatly over evolutionary history
    • Speciation can happen quickly or gradually, and it can be caused by factors such as geographic isolation, or natural selection.

    Evolution and Development (Evo-Devo)

    • Evo-Devo explores how changes in development influence evolutionary change.
    • Heterochrony relates to changes in the timing of developmental events, potentially causing the retention of juvenile traits in adults (paedomorphosis).
    • Developmental processes underpin morphological differences between species
    • Many adaptations arise from alterations in the rate or timing of developmental events rather than entirely new genes.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating concepts of sexual selection, anisogamy, and various sex determining systems. Understand how these factors influence evolutionary strategies and species characteristics. This quiz covers essential traits involved in reproduction and mate attraction as discussed by Darwin.

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