Sexual and Gender Dysphoria Disorders
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Sexual and Gender Dysphoria Disorders

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Questions and Answers

What is the reported prevalence of erectile dysfunction in males aged between 18 to 59?

  • 5% (correct)
  • 14%
  • 21%
  • 8%

    • What percentage of females report difficulties in reaching orgasm?

  • 14%
  • 6%
  • 21%
  • 25% (correct)

    • Which male sexual dysfunction is most prevalent?

  • Delayed ejaculation
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Genito-pelvic pain disorder
  • Premature ejaculation (correct)

    • What condition in women is specifically referred to as female orgasmic disorder?

    <p>Inability to achieve orgasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes vaginismus?

    <p>Involuntary pelvic spasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be ruled out when diagnosing genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder?

    <p>Medical reasons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reported prevalence of delayed ejaculation in men?

    <p>8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for clinicians in assessing sexual behavior through interviews?

    <p>Demonstrating comfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of male hypoactive sexual desire disorder?

    <p>Little to no interest in sexual activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexual dysfunction is characterized by difficulty in achieving and maintaining an erection?

    <p>Male erectile disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is reported to experience male hypoactive sexual desire disorder?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the age-related trends in female sexual interest/arousal disorder?

    <p>Decreases with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of sexual dysfunctions according to the content provided?

    <p>They must be distressing to the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates acquired sexual dysfunction from lifelong sexual dysfunction?

    <p>Acquired dysfunctions develop after a certain point in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a situational sexual dysfunction?

    <p>Erectile dysfunction occurring in specific situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexual dysfunction in females is specifically related to lubrication issues?

    <p>Female arousal disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes fetishistic disorder?

    <p>Sexual attraction to non-living objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder involves the act of touching or rubbing genitals against a non-consenting person?

    <p>Frotteuristic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common psychological treatment for paraphilic disorders?

    <p>Psychotherapy to identify underlying causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with sexual arousal from inflicting pain?

    <p>Sadism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of paraphilic disorders mentioned?

    <p>Childhood trauma or significant experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders involves sexual attraction to a family member?

    <p>Incest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group shows the poorest outcomes for treatment of paraphilic disorders?

    <p>Rapists and those with multiple paraphilias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a high sex drive have in the context of paraphilic disorders?

    <p>Decreases urge suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal when treating gender non-conformity in children?

    <p>Reducing gender dysphoria and cross-gender behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a basic prerequisite for candidates considering gender affirmation surgeries?

    <p>Undergoing hormone therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals report satisfaction with their new identity after gender affirmation surgeries?

    <p>75-96%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor has been associated with lower rates of suicidal attempts post-surgery?

    <p>Higher levels of social support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category of sexual dysfunctions?

    <p>Gender Expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines whether a sexual dysfunction is considered 'generalized'?

    <p>It is present in all sexual situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the psychological prerequisites before undergoing gender affirmation surgery?

    <p>Demonstrating knowledge of logistics and risks of surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome related to female-to-male conversions has been observed?

    <p>They adjust better than male-to-female conversions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can slightly higher levels of testosterone or estrogen have on a foetus during critical development periods?

    <p>They can masculinise a female foetus or feminise a male foetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range does gender identity development begin to significantly emerge according to developmental patterns?

    <p>18 to 36 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gülgöz et al. (2019) find concerning transgender children?

    <p>They strongly identify as members of their current gender group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has research indicated about the mental health of transgender individuals regarding non-affirming clinical practices?

    <p>Affirming clinical responses positively contribute to transgender mental health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following models is NOT mentioned as a framework in understanding adult transgender development?

    <p>Gender non-conformity model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was observed in studies by Olsen et al. (2016) and others regarding transgender individuals compared to cisgender peers?

    <p>There were no significant differences in mental health outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stance does the Australian Psychological Society take towards non-affirming mental health practices for transgender people?

    <p>They oppose non-affirming practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can parental reinforcement during childhood lead to in relation to gender identity?

    <p>A stronger adherence to normative gender roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Defining Normality

    • Normal sexual behaviour varies depending on culture, age, and gender.

    Sexual and Gender Dysphoria Disorders

    • These disorders encompass sexual dysfunctions, paraphilias, and gender dysphoria.

    Sexual Dysfunctions

    • Occur across the sexual response cycle: desire, arousal, and orgasm.
    • Can be lifelong or acquired, generalized or situational.
    • Must be perceived as distressing and cause significant impairment.
    • Include disorders of desire, arousal, and orgasm.

    Sexual Desire/Arousal Disorders

    • Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder & Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder: Little to no interest in sexual activity, infrequent masturbation, sexual fantasies, and intercourse.
      • Prevalence: 25% of the population (5% males, 22% females).
      • Male prevalence increases with age, while female prevalence decreases with age.
    • Erectile Dysfunction: Difficulty achieving and maintaining an erection.
      • Prevalence: 5% in males aged 18-59, increasing rapidly after 60.
    • Female Arousal Disorder: Difficulty achieving and maintaining adequate lubrication.
      • Prevalence: 14%.

    Orgasm Disorders

    • Delayed Ejaculation: Ejaculation occurs very delayed, or doesn't occur at all during sex.
      • Affects up to 8% of men.
    • Female Orgasmic Disorder: Achieving orgasm is difficult, despite adequate desire and arousal.
      • Affects 25% of adult females.
    • Premature Ejaculation: Ejaculation occurs before the man or partner desires (less than a minute).
      • Most prevalent male sexual dysfunction (affects 21% of males).
      • Common in younger, inexperienced males and decreases with age.

    Sexual Pain Disorders

    • Genito-pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder: Marked pain during intercourse, despite adequate desire, arousal, and orgasm.
      • Must rule out medical causes.
    • Vaginismus: Involuntary pelvic spasms create sensations of ripping, burning, or tearing and may be accompanied by fear of intercourse.
      • Prevalence: 6%.

    Assessing Sexual Behaviour

    • Involves interviewing the client. Clinicians must be comfortable with the topic.
    • Assessment encompasses:
      • Sexual attitudes.
      • Sexual behaviours.
      • Sexual response cycle.
      • Relationship issues.
      • Physical health.
      • Psychological disorders.

    Paraphilic Disorders

    • Characterized by persistent sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving non-human objects, non-consenting persons, or suffering or humiliation.
    • Examples include:
      • Fetishistic Disorder: Attraction to non-living objects.
      • Voyeuristic Disorder: Arousal from observing unsuspecting individuals undressing, naked, or engaged in sexual activity.
      • Exhibitionistic Disorder: Arousal and gratification from exposing one's genitals to unsuspecting strangers.
      • Frotteuristic Disorder: Touch or rub genitalia against a non-consenting person in public.
      • Transvestic Disorder: Arousal associated with dressing in clothing of the opposite sex.
      • Sexual Sadism/Masochism: Arousal from inflicting pain/humiliation (sadism) or suffering pain/humiliation (masochism).
      • Pedophilic Disorder: Attraction to children.
      • Incest: Attraction to family members.

    Paraphilia Causes and Treatment

    • Causes are multi-factorial, but no single factor is conclusive. Examples include:
      • Low levels of arousal to appropriate stimuli.
      • Sexual problems.
      • Social deficits.
      • Early dysfunctional experiences.
      • High sex drive.
      • Low suppression of urges and drives.
      • Deviant sexual fantasies.
    • Treatment involves psychotherapy.
    • Prognosis varies but is generally good (70 to 98% improvement) for most paraphilias.
    • Pedophilic disorders can have a good prognosis if individuals have insight into their motivations, but the prognosis is poor if it co-occurs with anti-social personality disorder.
    • Success rates for psychological approaches vary, with the poorest outcomes for rapists and individuals with multiple paraphilias.
    • Chronic course and high relapse rates are common.

    Gender Dysphoria

    • Individuals experience significant distress due to a mismatch between their assigned sex at birth and their gender identity.
    • Development may be influenced by:
      • Hormonal levels during critical periods of development (e.g., 18-36 months)
      • Parental reinforcement of gender behavior.
      • Gender non-conformity.

    Gender Identity Development: Transgender

    • Research (Gülgöz et al., 2019) shows that transgender children:
      • Identify strongly as members of their current gender group.
      • Gender identity and preferences do not significantly differ from cisgender siblings and controls.
      • Show similar patterns of gender development.
      • Minimal, or no differences in gender identity or preferences based on their length of time living as their current gender.
    • Other research (Olsen et al., 2016, Durwood et al., 2016, Gibson et al., 2021) shows no significant difference, or slightly higher levels of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem in transgender children.
    • In adults, models of gender identity development tend to resemble "coming-out" or sexual orientation development models.

    Gender Dysphoria Treatment

    • The Australian Psychological Society opposes any mental health practices that are not affirming of transgender people.
    • Treatment for Gender Non-Conformity in Children:
      • Focuses on reducing gender dysphoria and cross-gender behaviors by providing a supportive environment.
      • May involve "watchful waiting" or actively affirming and encouraging cross-gender identification.
    • Gender Affirmation Surgeries (Sex-Reassignment Surgery):
      • Most invasive treatment option.
      • Basic prerequisites include:
        • Living in a gender-identified role for 1-2 years.
        • Psychological, financial, and social stability.
        • Undergoing hormone therapy.
        • Psychotherapy if deemed necessary.
        • Demonstrated knowledge of surgery logistics and risks.
        • Demonstrable progress in addressing work, family, and interpersonal issues.

    Outcome of Gender Affirmation Surgeries:

    • 75-96% report satisfaction with their new identity.
    • 0.47-8% report regret.
    • Suicide rates are significantly lower after gender affirming surgery, although overall suicide rates are still higher than in the general population.
    • Lack of social support, discrimination, and pressure can impact post-surgery adjustment.
    • Female-to-male transitions tend to adjust better than the reverse.

    Conclusion:

    The lecture highlights the complexities of sexual and gender identity, emphasizing the importance of understanding variations in normal sexuality, the challenges posed by sexual dysfunctions and paraphilias, and the vital role of affirming treatments for gender dysphoria.

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    Week 7: Sexual Dysfunctions, Paraphilic Disorders & Gender Dysphoria PDF

    Description

    Explore the complexities of normality in sexual behavior and the various sexual dysfunctions and dysphorias that can arise. This quiz encompasses definitions, disorders of desire and arousal, and the impact of age and gender on sexual health. Test your knowledge on these important topics in human sexuality.

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