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Questions and Answers
What is the implication when female or woman is not specified in professions?
What is the term for the stereotype that women have a superior moral sensibility compared to men?
What is the purpose of using titles such as 'Mrs.' and 'Ms.'?
What is the term for the stereotype that women are incomplete without men?
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What is the relationship between linguistic acts and gender inequality?
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What is the role of women in politics, according to the stereotype?
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What is the purpose of the question 'Do sex roles and stereotypes reflect sex differences in psychological constructs and behaviour?'
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What is the term for the stereotype that women should be cherished and protected by men?
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What is the impact of cultural influence on prejudice?
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What is the relationship between power dynamics and social status in gender stereotypes?
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Study Notes
Sexism and Stereotypes
- Traditional sexism: a mixture of benevolent and hostile attitudes toward women, with women seen as less competent than men but nicer and more nurturing.
- Ambivalent sexism (Glick & Fiske, 1996): women are seen as nice and pure, and should be protected, but are also expected to know their place.
Sex Stereotypes
- Competence and independence are valued higher than warmth and expressiveness in Western cultures.
- Women are stereotypically seen as warm and sociable, while men are seen as competent.
- Typology of women: housewife, sexy woman, career woman, feminist/athlete/lesbian.
- Typology of men is less clear, with examples including businessman and ‘macho man’.
Sex Roles
- Sex roles are social and historical, shaped from a young age.
- Role congruity theory: people react negatively when women behave inconsistently with their role expectations.
Sexism in the Workplace
- Men possess more socio-political power and status, making it harder for women to succeed.
- Explicit or implicit expressions of prejudice towards women at the workplace.
- Traditionally female jobs are valued less, and the social and economic value of “care” and domestic labour is underestimated.
- The glass ceiling: invisible barriers making it difficult or unlikely for women to attain leadership positions.
- The glass cliff: insecure positions and roles that are likely to attract criticism and no one wants to occupy.
Feminist Psychology
- Gender differences are not natural or essential, but rather socially constructed.
- Psychology of gender as a catalogue of sex differences is problematic.
- Biological sex, gender identity, gender roles, and sexual orientation are not consistent in “normal” individuals.
Prejudice as a Social Issue
- Prejudice is not only an individual attitude, but also a systemic issue.
- Anti-sexist norms and awareness are increasing, but patriarchy is still intact.
Language Use
- Language use reinforces inequality between genders, with women defined domestically in relation to family.
- Examples of linguistic acts: “Kadın”, “bayan”, “hanım”, “Mrs.”, “Miss”, “Ms.”.
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Description
This quiz explores the traditional sex stereotypes commonly found across cultures, specifically the contrast between competence and warmth, and how they relate to Western cultural values.
