Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the term used to describe the process of acquiring behaviors and reactions culturally defined as appropriate for one's sex?
What is the term used to describe the process of acquiring behaviors and reactions culturally defined as appropriate for one's sex?
What phenomenon occurs when negative stereotypes impair performance and motivation?
What phenomenon occurs when negative stereotypes impair performance and motivation?
At what age do children typically start to show preferences for stereotypical gender-congruent objects?
At what age do children typically start to show preferences for stereotypical gender-congruent objects?
Which of the following abilities shows more similarity between genders than differences according to the similarity hypothesis?
Which of the following abilities shows more similarity between genders than differences according to the similarity hypothesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement best describes the concept of gender identity?
Which statement best describes the concept of gender identity?
Signup and view all the answers
How do boys and girls compare in terms of engaging in relational aggression?
How do boys and girls compare in terms of engaging in relational aggression?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one trend observed in gender development during childhood?
What is one trend observed in gender development during childhood?
Signup and view all the answers
What are gender stereotypes primarily associated with?
What are gender stereotypes primarily associated with?
Signup and view all the answers
How do boys' competence ratings compare for STEM and non-STEM tasks?
How do boys' competence ratings compare for STEM and non-STEM tasks?
Signup and view all the answers
In terms of media influences, what type of programs do girls typically engage with?
In terms of media influences, what type of programs do girls typically engage with?
Signup and view all the answers
What do male adolescents face regarding gender stereotypes compared to female adolescents?
What do male adolescents face regarding gender stereotypes compared to female adolescents?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement reflects the current views on gender identity in children?
Which statement reflects the current views on gender identity in children?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a limitation highlighted in the binary approach to gender?
What is a limitation highlighted in the binary approach to gender?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a major regulator influencing children's adherence to gender stereotypes?
What is a major regulator influencing children's adherence to gender stereotypes?
Signup and view all the answers
In which theory do children develop gender identity and stability through stages such as gender identity and gender consistency?
In which theory do children develop gender identity and stability through stages such as gender identity and gender consistency?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect of gender development is influenced by parents providing different environments, toys, and activities for boys and girls?
What aspect of gender development is influenced by parents providing different environments, toys, and activities for boys and girls?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect do robots or cartoons performing counter-stereotypic roles have on children?
What effect do robots or cartoons performing counter-stereotypic roles have on children?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following theories focuses on the identification with same-sex parents in learning gender roles?
Which of the following theories focuses on the identification with same-sex parents in learning gender roles?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one reason boys may exhibit stronger negative sanctions for non-conforming behavior?
What is one reason boys may exhibit stronger negative sanctions for non-conforming behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
How do peers influence gender development as children grow older?
How do peers influence gender development as children grow older?
Signup and view all the answers
Which index measures how individuals perform in both gender-typical and gender-atypical ways?
Which index measures how individuals perform in both gender-typical and gender-atypical ways?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one potential outcome for girls if mothers model STEM subject selection?
What is one potential outcome for girls if mothers model STEM subject selection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the significant limitations associated with Freud's theories in Psychoanalytic Theory?
What is one of the significant limitations associated with Freud's theories in Psychoanalytic Theory?
Signup and view all the answers
In what way can media exposure impact children's behavior regarding gender stereotypes?
In what way can media exposure impact children's behavior regarding gender stereotypes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is crucial for understanding individual children's gender conduct in relation to stereotypes?
Which factor is crucial for understanding individual children's gender conduct in relation to stereotypes?
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes the phenomenon where children actively restrict themselves from engaging in behaviors that violate gender norms?
What term describes the phenomenon where children actively restrict themselves from engaging in behaviors that violate gender norms?
Signup and view all the answers
How do cross-gender friendships affect adolescent boys in terms of gender attitudes?
How do cross-gender friendships affect adolescent boys in terms of gender attitudes?
Signup and view all the answers
Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Theory believed achieving gender constancy to be a key part of development as indicated by:
Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Theory believed achieving gender constancy to be a key part of development as indicated by:
Signup and view all the answers
Bem's Gender Schema believed that those with both high femininity and masculinity were:
Bem's Gender Schema believed that those with both high femininity and masculinity were:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the modern theory of understanding gender, replacing Kohlberg and Bem's theories?
What is the modern theory of understanding gender, replacing Kohlberg and Bem's theories?
Signup and view all the answers
Bussey & Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory identifies 3 modes of influence including:
Bussey & Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory identifies 3 modes of influence including:
Signup and view all the answers
Which primarily influences girls academic attitudes, abilities and intentions?
Which primarily influences girls academic attitudes, abilities and intentions?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Gender Differences
- Biological, cognitive, and behavioral differences exist between males and females.
- Sex typing is the process of acquiring behaviors, interests, and reactions culturally deemed appropriate for one's sex.
- More similarities exist between genders than differences.
-
Similarity hypothesis suggests that males and females are more alike than different in terms of:
- Verbal abilities
- Spatial abilities
- Math abilities
- Aggression
- Activity level
- Developmental vulnerability
- Empathy
- Stereotypic conceptions often drive differences in gender performance.
- Stereotype threat can negatively impact performance and motivation, particularly for women.
- While women are capable of aggression, they are less likely to engage in it due to societal expectations.
- Relational aggression is similar across genders, but males are more likely to engage in physical aggression.
Gender Development
- Infants do not show gender-linked preferences.
- Gender differences in stereotypical play emerge during the second year.
- By 18 months, infants look longer at gender-congruent objects.
- By two years, most children prefer to play with stereotypical female/male toys.
- These preferences remain stable through early childhood.
- Gender identity refers to a person's self-characterization as male, female, or another gender.
- While gender identity may not always align with biological sex, there is wide variation in the gender identities individuals can assume.
Gender Stereotypes
- Beliefs about activities, preferences, emotions, and affect related to gender.
- Emerge towards the end of the second year.
- At 18 months, girls show stronger effects of stereotypical knowledge.
- By age five or six, gender stereotypes influence activities, personality traits, and socialization.
- As children become more informed about stereotypes, their adherence to them becomes more flexible.
- Gender stereotypes vary greatly across cultures, history, individuals, and age.
- Children are typically more rigid in adhering to gender stereotypes.
- Girls are more flexible and likely to engage in "boy" activities.
- Some cultures exhibit greater flexibility in gender stereotypes.
- Knowledge of gender stereotypes does not predict gender conduct.
- Anticipated negative outcomes and self-evaluation play a role in gender conformity.
- Some children develop gendered standards that lead to self-censorship.
- Other children develop more egalitarian standards, where gender stereotypes are less impactful.
Countering Gender Stereotypes
- Exposure to robots and cartoons engaging in counter-stereotypical roles can reduce stereotypical thinking.
- Experiences can impact behavior, and stereotypes can be changed, leading to behavioral changes.
Theories of Gender-Role Development
-
Biological theory:
- Emphasizes hormonal and chromosomal differences in shaping gender development.
- Differences exist in the extent that a person's biological sex is more typical of one gender than another.
-
Psychoanalytic theory:
- Highlights the importance of identification with the same-sex parent during development (Oedipus and Electra complexes).
- Lacks substantial empirical evidence.
-
Cognitive Developmental Theory:
- Kohlberg's gender constancy theory posits three components:
- Gender identity (understanding one's own gender).
- Gender stability (understanding that gender is permanent).
- Gender consistency (understanding that gender remains constant regardless of appearance or behavior).
- Kohlberg believed that sex is a permanent attribute determined by biology.
- Kohlberg's gender constancy theory posits three components:
-
Gender Schema Theory:
- Focuses on the development of gender schemas, mental frameworks that organize information about gender.
- Bem's work on androgyny is flawed.
- Gender typicality is a more accurate measure of mental health - individuals capable of both gender typical and atypical behavior exhibit better outcomes.
-
Social Cognitive Theory:
-
Bussey and Bandura's sociocognitive model emphasizes three sources of learning:
- Modeling: Observing and imitating others.
- Enactive experience: Learning from the consequences of one's actions.
- Direct tuition: Being explicitly instructed by others about gender-appropriate behavior.
-
Bussey and Bandura's sociocognitive model emphasizes three sources of learning:
Gendered Social Influences
-
Parents:
- Often perceive sons and daughters differently, even for objective similarities.
- Respond differently to the same infant emotional expressions.
- Provide different environments, toys, and activities.
- More likely to discuss science and technology with sons and emotional topics with daughters.
- Parental gender expectations can influence children's math and sport competence.
- Not all parents conform to gender-role stereotypes.
- More egalitarian parenting practices can benefit children.
-
Peers:
- Become increasingly influential in shaping gender development as children age.
- Employ similar influence strategies as parents, including praise, censure, and modeling.
- Young children are more direct in enforcing gender norms.
- Older children and adolescents use more indirect methods, such as exclusion, harassment, and ridicule.
- Boys face stronger negative sanctions for non-conforming behavior.
- Gender-segregated play begins in early childhood and increases during middle childhood.
- Cross-sex friendships can promote more egalitarian gender attitudes, particularly for boys.
-
Media:
- Influences gender development through portrayals of gender roles and stereotypical behaviors.
- Boys tend to engage more with video games, sports, cartoons, and action-adventure media.
- Girls often prefer comedy programs, relationship-focused media.
-
Social media:
- Influences body image ideals, particularly for females (thinness) and males (muscularity).
-
Marketing:
- Contributes to perpetuating gender stereotypes through targeted advertising and product labeling.
Gendered Social Expectations
- Male adolescents face more pressure to conform to gender stereotypes and avoid other-gender behavior.
- Females experience pressure to engage in both typical and other-gender behaviors.
- Pressure on males is focused on avoiding gender non-conforming behavior.
- Pressure on females includes encouragement for both female and male behaviors.
Developing Gender Identity
- A more dynamic view of gender identity, acknowledging its variability across the lifespan and contexts.
- As children age, they develop a deeper understanding of social identities, including gender.
- Acknowledges limitations of the binary view of gender, particularly in relation to transgender and non-binary identities.
New Views on Gender Identity
- Socially transitioned transgender children (ages 3-5 years old) demonstrate gender stereotype knowledge comparable to their gender-conforming peers, suggesting that their gender identity is not confused.
- No single, unified view of gender identity currently exists. Recent conceptualizations include binary, transgender, queer, and non-binary identities.
- Increasing societal and individual acceptance of gender identity diversity.
- Despite greater flexibility in gender roles, stereotypes remain pervasive.
- Sex categorisation and gender identity do not always align for everyone.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the biological, cognitive, and behavioral differences between genders in this quiz. Delve into concepts like sex typing, the similarity hypothesis, and stereotype threat. Understand how societal expectations shape gender behaviors and performance.
