38 Questions
What is a key reason for the increase in female participation in exercise, physical activity, and sport?
Knowledge of the health benefits of exercise and physical activity
What female-specific issue related to exercise is highlighted in the text?
Orthopedic injuries
Which factor contributes to females being at a higher risk of ACL injury compared to males?
Anatomic differences like the Q angle
What is the concept of the female athlete triad primarily concerned with?
Optimal energy availability
What are the three interrelated spectrums described in the current ACSM definition of the female athlete triad?
Disordered eating, amenorrhea, hormonal imbalance
What is the proposed mechanism of menstrual disturbances associated with vigorous exercise and/or low energy intake?
An imbalance in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
What is oligomenorrhea?
Irregular or inconsistent menstrual cycles
What is the prevalence of amenorrhea in the general population?
2-5%
What is the definition of osteoporosis according to the text?
Bone mineral density (BMD) ≥2.5 standard deviations below average bone mass for a young sex- and race-matched reference population and/or the presence of a fragility fracture
What is the definition of osteopenia according to the text?
Bone mineral density (BMD) ≥1 but less than 2.5 standard deviations below average bone mass for a young sex- and race-matched reference population
What is the prevalence of amenorrhea among elite runners?
40%
What is the prevalence of amenorrhea among professional ballet dancers?
66%
What is the proposed cause of the association between intense training and menstrual cycle changes?
Low energy availability
The Q angle, referring to the quadriceps angle, is an anatomical factor that increases the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in females compared to males.
True
The traditional definition of the female athlete triad included disordered eating, amenorrhea, and low bone mineral density, but the current ACSM description involves three interrelated spectrums: (1) optimal energy availability to low energy availability (with or without eating disorders), (2) menstrual function, and (3) bone mineral density.
False
The passage suggests that the increase in female participation in exercise, physical activity, and sport over the past several decades is primarily due to the passage of Title IX legislation in 1972, which reduced societal prejudices and obstacles for females participating in sports.
False
The text implies that the risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in females are multi-factorial, involving anatomic, environmental, hormonal, and biomechanical factors.
True
According to the passage, females generally respond to training and exercise differently from males, with the exception of reproductive function (menstrual cycle, pregnancy) and orthopedic injury risk.
False
Optimal bone health is the result of a precise synchronization of hormonal events in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and ovaries.
False
The prevalence of amenorrhea in the general population is higher than the prevalence in women engaged in vigorous exercise training.
False
Oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea are interchangeable terms that both refer to the complete cessation of the menstrual cycle.
False
Osteoporosis is defined as a bone mineral density (BMD) that is less than or equal to 1 standard deviation below the average BMD for a young sex- and race-matched reference population.
False
Low energy availability can lead to amenorrhea, which has been observed since the 1950s to be associated with intense training.
True
Exercise has no impact on promoting psychological and cognitive well-being in older adults.
False
The number of older adults in the U.S. is expected to decrease by 2040 according to the U.S. Census Bureau data.
False
Loss of independence in older adults can lead to catastrophic consequences.
True
Osteoporosis is a condition that strengthens muscle, bone, and connective tissue in older adults.
False
By 2030, one in every five U.S. residents is projected to be of retirement age.
True
The $\text{VO}_{2\max}$ decline with age is more rapid after age 60-70 years compared to earlier decades.
True
Muscle mass decreases by approximately 15-25% per decade after age 30.
False
Biological age is considered a better indicator of an individual's ability to engage in physical activity than chronological age.
True
The sudden decline in physical function observed in older adults is always attributed to the effects of deconditioning or disease.
False
Individuals classified as 'oldest old' are 95 years of age or older.
False
The $\text{VO}_{2\max}$ decline with age is less rapid after age 70 compared to earlier decades.
False
The traditional definition of the female athlete triad included disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteopenia.
False
The Q angle, referring to the quadriceps angle, is an anatomical factor that decreases the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in females compared to males.
False
The prevalence of amenorrhea in the general population is lower than the prevalence in women engaged in vigorous exercise training.
True
Low energy availability is proposed as the cause of the association between intense training and menstrual cycle changes.
True
Explore the factors influencing female participation in exercise, physical activity, and sports, including the impact of Title IX legislation and the knowledge of health benefits. Learn about how females generally respond to training and exercise compared to males, as well as specific issues related to reproductive function.
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