Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the PRIMARY difference between sex and gender?
What is the PRIMARY difference between sex and gender?
- Sex refers to biological traits, while gender encompasses social and cultural significance. (correct)
- Sex is determined after birth, while gender is determined at conception.
- Sex is a social construct, while gender is biologically determined.
- Sex is fluid and changes over time, while gender is constant.
Which of the following is an example of how gender, rather than sex, influences societal roles?
Which of the following is an example of how gender, rather than sex, influences societal roles?
- The division of labor where women are traditionally caregivers and men are providers. (correct)
- Differences in average height between men and women.
- The presence of XX or XY chromosomes.
- Differences in reproductive organs.
Which statement best describes the concept of gender socialization in Western cultures?
Which statement best describes the concept of gender socialization in Western cultures?
- It is a fluid process with no clear expectations or guidelines.
- It allows for multiple gender identities beyond male and female.
- It is a binary system where individuals are strictly categorized as either male or female. (correct)
- It is solely determined by biological factors.
How does structural functionalism explain the roles of men and women in society?
How does structural functionalism explain the roles of men and women in society?
How does the gender conflict perspective view gender roles?
How does the gender conflict perspective view gender roles?
How does symbolic interactionism explain gender?
How does symbolic interactionism explain gender?
Which of the following best describes 'gender socialization'?
Which of the following best describes 'gender socialization'?
What role does family primarily play in gender socialization?
What role does family primarily play in gender socialization?
At what age do children typically begin to understand their gender?
At what age do children typically begin to understand their gender?
What is the term for the tendency of children to primarily play with others of the same gender during pre-school and elementary years?
What is the term for the tendency of children to primarily play with others of the same gender during pre-school and elementary years?
What is a potential impact of gendered interactions over time?
What is a potential impact of gendered interactions over time?
In what way does media contribute to gender socialization?
In what way does media contribute to gender socialization?
Which of the following is a key element in the biological determination of sex?
Which of the following is a key element in the biological determination of sex?
What is an example of a physical trait or ability that could be plotted on a double bell curve, where men or women would be in the outer extremes?
What is an example of a physical trait or ability that could be plotted on a double bell curve, where men or women would be in the outer extremes?
Which characteristic is most closely associated with 'gender' rather than 'sex'?
Which characteristic is most closely associated with 'gender' rather than 'sex'?
What is a significant characteristic of gender roles?
What is a significant characteristic of gender roles?
Which concept challenges the notion that gender is strictly binary?
Which concept challenges the notion that gender is strictly binary?
What have studies shown regarding neurological differences between males and females?
What have studies shown regarding neurological differences between males and females?
While acknowledging biological predispositions, what primarily influences gender roles and expressions?
While acknowledging biological predispositions, what primarily influences gender roles and expressions?
When analyzing traits culturally associated with femininity, what consideration is essential?
When analyzing traits culturally associated with femininity, what consideration is essential?
According to the structural functionalist perspective, what is the purpose of teaching boys competitiveness and girls empathy?
According to the structural functionalist perspective, what is the purpose of teaching boys competitiveness and girls empathy?
According to current data (from slide 22), how do mothers and fathers compare in managing their children's schedules?
According to current data (from slide 22), how do mothers and fathers compare in managing their children's schedules?
Why is it important to critically examine gender-related barriers?
Why is it important to critically examine gender-related barriers?
What is a major premise of symbolic interactionism regarding gender?
What is a major premise of symbolic interactionism regarding gender?
Which of the following is most closely associated with the symbolic interactionist perspective on gender?
Which of the following is most closely associated with the symbolic interactionist perspective on gender?
What does the example of breeching in Western culture illustrate?
What does the example of breeching in Western culture illustrate?
What was a notable trend in computer science majors between 1983 and today?
What was a notable trend in computer science majors between 1983 and today?
What does current research indicate about differences in how men and women process faces and objects?
What does current research indicate about differences in how men and women process faces and objects?
How does the concept of 'gender segregation' manifest in school environments?
How does the concept of 'gender segregation' manifest in school environments?
What is the main provision of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972?
What is the main provision of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972?
Which of the following reflects a finding about teacher interactions with students?
Which of the following reflects a finding about teacher interactions with students?
Considering trends in higher education, what is a notable statistic regarding males in college?
Considering trends in higher education, what is a notable statistic regarding males in college?
Girls' clothes tend to have what?
Girls' clothes tend to have what?
What is considered to be the primary source of gender socialization?
What is considered to be the primary source of gender socialization?
What percentage of adults say parents should encourage boys to play with 'girl' toys?
What percentage of adults say parents should encourage boys to play with 'girl' toys?
What percentage of adults say parents should encourage daughters to play with 'boy' toys and activities?
What percentage of adults say parents should encourage daughters to play with 'boy' toys and activities?
What is a common characteristic of male relationships?
What is a common characteristic of male relationships?
In 2019, of the 100 highest-grossing films, what percentage of the major characters were female?
In 2019, of the 100 highest-grossing films, what percentage of the major characters were female?
In 2019, of the 100 highest-grossing films, what percentage of the films were male?
In 2019, of the 100 highest-grossing films, what percentage of the films were male?
In 2019, of the 100 highest-grossing films, what percentage of science fiction leads were female?
In 2019, of the 100 highest-grossing films, what percentage of science fiction leads were female?
What is the percentage of Americans that say a male breadwinner and female homemaker makes for a more satisfying marriage?
What is the percentage of Americans that say a male breadwinner and female homemaker makes for a more satisfying marriage?
What percentage of women were married in 1950?
What percentage of women were married in 1950?
What societal system is defined by beliefs, attitudes, and norms that justify gender inequality and in which men hold the power?
What societal system is defined by beliefs, attitudes, and norms that justify gender inequality and in which men hold the power?
How does research challenge the assumption that hunter-gatherer societies were inherently patriarchal?
How does research challenge the assumption that hunter-gatherer societies were inherently patriarchal?
How did the shift to agricultural societies influence gender roles, particularly for women?
How did the shift to agricultural societies influence gender roles, particularly for women?
What effect did plough agriculture have on women's involvement in food cultivation?
What effect did plough agriculture have on women's involvement in food cultivation?
What is the 'cult of domesticity' and in what type of society did it emerge?
What is the 'cult of domesticity' and in what type of society did it emerge?
What historical event served to give focus to the first wave of feminism?
What historical event served to give focus to the first wave of feminism?
What is the main idea behind feminism?
What is the main idea behind feminism?
What quote is Abigail Adams known for, and to whom was it addressed?
What quote is Abigail Adams known for, and to whom was it addressed?
What were the primary goals of the second wave of feminism?
What were the primary goals of the second wave of feminism?
What topics have been the focus of the third and fourth waves of feminism?
What topics have been the focus of the third and fourth waves of feminism?
Define what is meant by 'Intersectionality'.
Define what is meant by 'Intersectionality'.
What is an example of a goal of modern day feminism?
What is an example of a goal of modern day feminism?
What gender issues specifically impact contemporary workplaces?
What gender issues specifically impact contemporary workplaces?
What percentage of equity partners in law firms are women?
What percentage of equity partners in law firms are women?
What percentage of male lawyers want to make partner, compared to female lawyers?
What percentage of male lawyers want to make partner, compared to female lawyers?
Do women currently out-earn men in any industry?
Do women currently out-earn men in any industry?
What tends to happen to wages when women enter male-dominated jobs?
What tends to happen to wages when women enter male-dominated jobs?
What is the 'second shift' and who does it primarily affect?
What is the 'second shift' and who does it primarily affect?
On average, how many minutes a day do men spend on housework?
On average, how many minutes a day do men spend on housework?
On average, how many hours a week do men spend on childcare, compared to women?
On average, how many hours a week do men spend on childcare, compared to women?
What percentage of men and women report that the woman does more to manage children's schedules?
What percentage of men and women report that the woman does more to manage children's schedules?
Who took the lead on remote learning during the pandemic, working mothers, or working fathers?
Who took the lead on remote learning during the pandemic, working mothers, or working fathers?
Which type of couple tends to divide household tasks more evenly?
Which type of couple tends to divide household tasks more evenly?
During the pandemic in 2020, which gender considered downshifting their career or leaving the workforce more?
During the pandemic in 2020, which gender considered downshifting their career or leaving the workforce more?
How did agriculture surplus affect gender roles?
How did agriculture surplus affect gender roles?
How has technology and globalization affected male-dominated, lower-education jobs?
How has technology and globalization affected male-dominated, lower-education jobs?
What does the statistic '80% non-adjusted' refer to?
What does the statistic '80% non-adjusted' refer to?
How have employment numbers changed in the last few decades?
How have employment numbers changed in the last few decades?
Since 1980, the US has lost jobs in which sector?
Since 1980, the US has lost jobs in which sector?
Which job sector will lose the most jobs?
Which job sector will lose the most jobs?
What factors besides gender might influence social identity according to the concept of intersectionality?
What factors besides gender might influence social identity according to the concept of intersectionality?
What are some specific jobs where woman have historically lower representation?
What are some specific jobs where woman have historically lower representation?
What shift occurred for women following the agricultural revolution concerning their occupations or roles in society?
What shift occurred for women following the agricultural revolution concerning their occupations or roles in society?
What impact did the invention and use of the plough in agriculture have on women's roles in agricultural societies?
What impact did the invention and use of the plough in agriculture have on women's roles in agricultural societies?
In agricultural society what led two less gender equity?
In agricultural society what led two less gender equity?
What is one of labor division's goals?
What is one of labor division's goals?
What does the acronym ERA mean?
What does the acronym ERA mean?
What does the statistic '~95% adjusted' refe to concerning the pay gap?
What does the statistic '~95% adjusted' refe to concerning the pay gap?
What tends to happen to wages when men enter female-dominated jobs, versus when women enter male-dominateed jobs?
What tends to happen to wages when men enter female-dominated jobs, versus when women enter male-dominateed jobs?
What is thought to be the future focus of gender?
What is thought to be the future focus of gender?
Flashcards
Sex
Sex
Biological make-up, determined by XX or XY 23rd chromosome, reproductive organs and universally understood
Gender
Gender
Social/cultural significance assigned to males and females, entirely culturally shaped, and changes over time
Structural Functionalism
Structural Functionalism
A sociological perspective where men & women compliment each other in order to raise stable families.
Gender roles in families
Gender roles in families
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Gender Conflict
Gender Conflict
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Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic Interactionism
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Gender Socialization
Gender Socialization
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Family
Family
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School
School
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Peers
Peers
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Media influence
Media influence
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Brain sex differences
Brain sex differences
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Gender binary
Gender binary
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Patriarchy
Patriarchy
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Hunter-Gatherer Societies
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Agricultural Society
Agricultural Society
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Labor division
Labor division
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Industrialized Society
Industrialized Society
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Feminism
Feminism
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First Wave Feminism
First Wave Feminism
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Second Wave Feminism
Second Wave Feminism
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Third & Fourth Wave Feminism
Third & Fourth Wave Feminism
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Intersectionality
Intersectionality
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The Second Shift
The Second Shift
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Current Day Gender Issues
Current Day Gender Issues
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A Seat at the Table
A Seat at the Table
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The Work Gap
The Work Gap
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Study Notes
- Gender: Then & Now involves analyzing the evolution of patriarchy, the four waves of feminism, and work & family today.
Patriarchy
- Patriarchy involves beliefs, attitudes, and norms that justify gender inequality.
- It is a social and legal system where men hold the power.
Hunter-Gatherer Society
- Hunter-gatherer societies existed 12,000+ years ago
- These societies were assumed to be patriarchal
- However, research suggests there was much more gender equality
- Gender equality likely created a broader network of tribal stability
- Ancient graves have unearthed females buried with hunting tools
- Labor division existed to optimize reproduction & security
Agricultural Society
- Agricultural society existed from 10,000 BC – 1800s AD
- Women moved indoors, focusing on child raising and household tasks
- There were more frequent babies in this environment
- A surplus of food led to more specialized roles
- Plough agriculture further eliminated women from food cultivation
- There were very few roles outside the home that were acceptable for women
Industrialized Society
- Industrialized society has been around for the last few centuries
- It involved paid/unpaid labor division and two spheres of domain
- There was a cult of domesticity
- Strong prescriptive gender norms emerged in the early/mid 1800s
- Women have always worked for pay outside the home, despite the norms
- Norms existed, but it didn't mean everyone followed them
Feminism
- Feminism is the belief that women and men should have equal opportunities
- Historians categorize efforts into four "waves" or eras
Waves of Feminism
First Wave
- The first wave occurred from the mid-1800s to early 1900s
- Focused on the right to vote
- The hope was that more would follow
Second Wave
- The second wave occurred during the mid- to late-1900s
- Consisted of women's liberation and the ERA
- There was expanded legal, economic, & social equality for both genders
Important Years for Gender Equality
- 1968: Sex-segregated job postings were banned
- 1974: Women were able to independently open a credit card
- 1975: Women had the ability to serve on a jury in all 50 states
- 1977: Workplace sexual harassment was criminalized
- 1978: Women couldn't be fired for being pregnant
- 1993: Spousal rape was criminalized in all 50 states
- 2010: Women could get a no-fault divorce in all 50 states
Related court cases
- Reed v. Reed – 14th Amendment applies to gender
- Moritz v. Commissioner – daycare deduction extended to men
- Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld – men can receive wife's Social Security
- Craig v. Boren – ended different drinking ages
- Duren v. Missouri – end voluntary jury duty for women
Third & Fourth Wave
- The third and fourth waves have occurred from the 1990s – present
- It focuses on reproductive rights, harassment & violence, & greater diversity
Intersectionality
- Intersectionality represents how gender, race, class, ability, etc. intersect to form social identities.
- $1 earned by white men (& Asian women)
- $.80 earned by white women
- $.64 earned by black women
- $.57 earned by black women
- Sexual harassment, equal pay, and inclusion of other marginalized groups have been the recent focus.
- Reproductive & abortion issues are likely to be the focus of gender debates in the 2020s.
Work & Family
- Today, more women are participating in the paid labor force
- More men are participating in unpaid household tasks
- This is a mix of choice & bias
Current Day Issues
- There is unevenness in leadership & influential jobs
- Shifting job growth
- Imbalance in pay & household work
A Seat at the Table Involves
- C-suite and elected positions
- Designers, engineers, and writers
- Venture capitalists
- New lawyers are nearly equally male/female, but at the equity partner level, women account for 20-25%.
- 73% of male lawyers want to make partner, 58% of females do according to a 2017 McKinsey survey.
- More S&P 1500 CEOs are named John (as well as David) than are female.
- Women make up:
- 18% of mobile app developers
- 11% of website coders
- 11% of car designers
- 17% of architects
- 25% of electronics designers
- 12% of venture capital investors
The Work Gap
- Since the 1960s, men are declining in the labor force, and women are increasing
- Technology & globalization is affecting male-dominated, lower-education jobs
- In 1972:
- Male employment was 79%
- Women employment was 44%
- In 2012:
- Male employment was 70%
- Women employment was 58%
- Since 1980, the US has lost 7.5 million manufacturing jobs
- Male-dominated manufacturing & agriculture will lose the most jobs
- Female-dominated healthcare will gain the most jobs
The Pay Gap
- The pay gap is ~80% non-adjusted
- The pay gap is ~95% adjusted
- In some major cities, 20-something women are earning slightly more or equal to men
- There is no industry where women out-earn men according to the 2017 American Community Survey
- When women enter male-dominated jobs, wages tend to decline
- When men enter female-dominated jobs, their wage tends to get higher
The Second Shift
- The second shift represents the double duty of working mothers in the late 1900s-early 2000s
- In two-earner homes, the woman does more child raising & house managing
- Men do an average of 15 minutes a day of housework, while women do about 45 minutes
- Men do an average of 8 hours a week of childcare up from 2.5 in in 1965.
- Women do about 14 hours of childcare a week now, up from 10.
- 62% of men and 78% of women report that the woman does more to manage children's schedules
- 80% of working moms took the lead on remote learning
- Twice as many women than men considered downshifting their career or leaving the workforce in 2020
- Same-sex couples tend to divide household tasks more evenly
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Explore the differentiation between sex and gender, analyzing perspectives on gender and socialization. Sex is a biological construct based on chromosomes and reproductive organs. Gender has religious, legal, linguistic, and philosophical roots.
