Gender Socialization Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the definition of 'Sex'?

A social position

Desire and sexual preference

Physical and biological differences that distinguish males from females (correct)

A social construct

What does 'Gender' refer to?

A social position; social arrangements built around normative sex categories.

Define 'Sexuality'.

Desire, sexual preference, and sexual identity and behavior.

What is 'Gender Essentialism'?

A belief that gender roles are genetic or biological in origin. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Biological Determinism'?

The idea that social actions result directly from natural characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Constructionist Approach to Gender' emphasize?

Gender is socially determined and not fixed or 'natural'. Signup and view all the answers

Define 'Gender Roles'.

Expectations regarding the expression of gender. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of 'Socialization'?

The process by which a person learns expectations of larger society. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Gender Role Socialization'?

The process by which people learn to be masculine and feminine. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Hyper-masculinity' refer to?

Exaggeration of male stereotypical behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Define 'Emphasized Femininity'.

An exaggerated form of femininity that accommodates men's interests. Signup and view all the answers

What starts at birth regarding socialization?

Gender Assignment. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Parental Socialization' involve?

Variation in parenting practices based on the child's sex and gender. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Media Socialization'?

Advertisements geared toward a specific gender. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'Hegemonic Masculinity'?

Men's dominance and privilege that is often invisible. Signup and view all the answers

Define 'Gender Inequality'.

Imbalance in access to political, economic, educational, and social arenas based on sex/gender. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Mommy Profiling'?

Employment discrimination against women with children. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'The Glass Ceiling'?

An invisible barrier to moving up in one's occupation. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'The Glass Escalator' refer to?

The tendency for men in female-dominated occupations to get promoted at a higher rate. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'The Gender Gap in Pay'?

The difference in earnings between men and women in the workforce. Signup and view all the answers

Define 'Human Capital Theory'.

Characteristics individuals bring to a job that increase productivity. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Occupational Segregation' mean?

Concentration of women and men in different occupations. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'The Second Shift'?

The additional workload women have over what men have. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'Doing Gender'?

Housework viewed as 'women's work' that reproduces gender roles. Signup and view all the answers

Define 'Feminism'.

The idea that women and men should be granted equal opportunities and respect. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Structural Functionalist Perspectives of Patriarchy' suggest?

Parson's sex role theory; roles assigned to each sex contribute to societal function. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Parson's Sex Role Theory'?

The nuclear family as the ideal arrangement for reproducing workers. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Conflict Theory and Patriarchy' state?

Men have historically maintained more access to resources and privileges. Signup and view all the answers

Define 'Symbolic Interactionism and Gender Inequality'.

Gender is learned through socialization and interactions with society. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Patriarchy'?

A system where men hold power and women are largely excluded. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Black Feminism' emphasize?

The intersection of gender with race, class, and other identities. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Postmodernism and Patriarchy' acknowledge?

Cultural differences between gender roles. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 'Consequences of Gender Inequality'?

Education, politics, domestic violence, sexual assault, poverty, economy, health care. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Definitions of Key Terms

Sex: Refers to ascribed biological differences distinguishing males (XY) from females (XX), including chromosomal and hormonal factors, and roles in reproduction.
Gender: Achieved social positions shaped by societal norms; encompasses the social, psychological, and behavioral aspects of identity, including expressions of masculinity and femininity.
Sexuality: Encompasses desire, preferences, identity, and behaviors related to sexual attraction.
Gender Essentialism: Belief that gender roles are inherently biological or genetic, suggesting roles are fixed.
Biological Determinism: Theories suggesting social behavior is determined by natural biological factors.

Approaches to Gender

Constructionist Approach: Argues that gender is socially constructed and varies across contexts; gender identity evolves through socialization.
Gender Roles: Social expectations dictating the acceptable behaviors, attitudes, and activities associated with masculinity and femininity.

Socialization Processes

Socialization: The method through which individuals acquire societal expectations and norms.
Gender Role Socialization: The process where individuals learn societal expectations for masculinity and femininity based on gender stereotypes.
Childhood Socialization: Begins at birth, influenced by age and education; agents include parents, media, and peers.
Parental Socialization: Parenting practices vary based on the child’s sex and gender identity.
Media Socialization: Media representations and advertisements often reinforce specific gender norms.

Gender Concepts and Dynamics

Hyper-masculinity: Exaggerated male behaviors focused on strength, aggression, and sexuality.
Emphasized Femininity: An idealized form of femininity catering to male interests, often focused on appearance and subservience.
Hegemonic Masculinity: The dominant cultural ideal of masculinity that privileges men's interests while rendering this dominance invisible.

Gender Inequality

Gender Inequality: Disparities in access to resources and opportunities based on gender, evident in multiple societal areas.
Mommy Profiling: Employment discrimination targeting women based on parenthood status.
The Glass Ceiling: An invisible barrier preventing women from advancing in their careers.
The Glass Escalator: The phenomenon where men in female-dominated occupations often gain promotions more easily.
The Gender Pay Gap: The earnings disparity between men and women, with the current U.S. average at 79%, influenced by race, age, and location.

Feminist Perspectives

Human Capital Theory: Assumes individuals have different characteristics impacting job prospects; often, women are viewed as having lower human capital.
Occupational Segregation: The division of labor by gender; common classifications include blue collar, pink collar, and white collar jobs.
The Second Shift: Refers to the additional unpaid labor women perform at home beyond their employment responsibilities.
Feminism: Advocates for equal opportunities and respect for women.

Theoretical Perspectives on Patriarchy

Structural Functionalism: Views assigned gender roles as essential for societal function, promoting stability through traditional nuclear family structures.
Conflict Theory: Emphasizes historical male dominance over resources and privileges, suggesting a need to maintain power.
Symbolic Interactionism: Explores how gender roles are learned and replicated through social interactions, reinforcing societal norms.

Intersectionality and Feminism

Black Feminism: Highlights how race, class, and gender intersect, arguing that historical feminism primarily center on the experiences of white middle-class women.
Postmodernism: Recognizes the diversity of gender roles across different cultures and contexts.

Consequences of Gender Inequality

Significant repercussions exist across all societal sectors, including:
- Education
- Politics
- Domestic Violence
- Sexual Assault
- Economic disparities
- Health care access.

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Description

Explore key concepts related to gender socialization with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential definitions and distinctions between sex and gender, helping you understand their implications in society and culture.