Questions and Answers
What is the definition of 'Sex'?
What does 'Gender' refer to?
A social position; social arrangements built around normative sex categories.
Define 'Sexuality'.
Desire, sexual preference, and sexual identity and behavior.
What is 'Gender Essentialism'?
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What is 'Biological Determinism'?
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What does the 'Constructionist Approach to Gender' emphasize?
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Define 'Gender Roles'.
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What is the process of 'Socialization'?
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What is 'Gender Role Socialization'?
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What does 'Hyper-masculinity' refer to?
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Define 'Emphasized Femininity'.
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What starts at birth regarding socialization?
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What does 'Parental Socialization' involve?
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What is 'Media Socialization'?
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What is meant by 'Hegemonic Masculinity'?
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Define 'Gender Inequality'.
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What is 'Mommy Profiling'?
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What is 'The Glass Ceiling'?
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What does 'The Glass Escalator' refer to?
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What is 'The Gender Gap in Pay'?
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Define 'Human Capital Theory'.
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What does 'Occupational Segregation' mean?
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What is 'The Second Shift'?
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What is meant by 'Doing Gender'?
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Define 'Feminism'.
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What does the 'Structural Functionalist Perspectives of Patriarchy' suggest?
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What is 'Parson's Sex Role Theory'?
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What does 'Conflict Theory and Patriarchy' state?
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Define 'Symbolic Interactionism and Gender Inequality'.
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What is 'Patriarchy'?
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What does 'Black Feminism' emphasize?
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What does 'Postmodernism and Patriarchy' acknowledge?
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What are the 'Consequences of Gender Inequality'?
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Study Notes
Definitions of Key Terms
- Sex: Refers to ascribed biological differences distinguishing males (XY) from females (XX), including chromosomal and hormonal factors, and roles in reproduction.
- Gender: Achieved social positions shaped by societal norms; encompasses the social, psychological, and behavioral aspects of identity, including expressions of masculinity and femininity.
- Sexuality: Encompasses desire, preferences, identity, and behaviors related to sexual attraction.
- Gender Essentialism: Belief that gender roles are inherently biological or genetic, suggesting roles are fixed.
- Biological Determinism: Theories suggesting social behavior is determined by natural biological factors.
Approaches to Gender
- Constructionist Approach: Argues that gender is socially constructed and varies across contexts; gender identity evolves through socialization.
- Gender Roles: Social expectations dictating the acceptable behaviors, attitudes, and activities associated with masculinity and femininity.
Socialization Processes
- Socialization: The method through which individuals acquire societal expectations and norms.
- Gender Role Socialization: The process where individuals learn societal expectations for masculinity and femininity based on gender stereotypes.
- Childhood Socialization: Begins at birth, influenced by age and education; agents include parents, media, and peers.
- Parental Socialization: Parenting practices vary based on the child’s sex and gender identity.
- Media Socialization: Media representations and advertisements often reinforce specific gender norms.
Gender Concepts and Dynamics
- Hyper-masculinity: Exaggerated male behaviors focused on strength, aggression, and sexuality.
- Emphasized Femininity: An idealized form of femininity catering to male interests, often focused on appearance and subservience.
- Hegemonic Masculinity: The dominant cultural ideal of masculinity that privileges men's interests while rendering this dominance invisible.
Gender Inequality
- Gender Inequality: Disparities in access to resources and opportunities based on gender, evident in multiple societal areas.
- Mommy Profiling: Employment discrimination targeting women based on parenthood status.
- The Glass Ceiling: An invisible barrier preventing women from advancing in their careers.
- The Glass Escalator: The phenomenon where men in female-dominated occupations often gain promotions more easily.
- The Gender Pay Gap: The earnings disparity between men and women, with the current U.S. average at 79%, influenced by race, age, and location.
Feminist Perspectives
- Human Capital Theory: Assumes individuals have different characteristics impacting job prospects; often, women are viewed as having lower human capital.
- Occupational Segregation: The division of labor by gender; common classifications include blue collar, pink collar, and white collar jobs.
- The Second Shift: Refers to the additional unpaid labor women perform at home beyond their employment responsibilities.
- Feminism: Advocates for equal opportunities and respect for women.
Theoretical Perspectives on Patriarchy
- Structural Functionalism: Views assigned gender roles as essential for societal function, promoting stability through traditional nuclear family structures.
- Conflict Theory: Emphasizes historical male dominance over resources and privileges, suggesting a need to maintain power.
- Symbolic Interactionism: Explores how gender roles are learned and replicated through social interactions, reinforcing societal norms.
Intersectionality and Feminism
- Black Feminism: Highlights how race, class, and gender intersect, arguing that historical feminism primarily center on the experiences of white middle-class women.
- Postmodernism: Recognizes the diversity of gender roles across different cultures and contexts.
Consequences of Gender Inequality
- Significant repercussions exist across all societal sectors, including:
- Education
- Politics
- Domestic Violence
- Sexual Assault
- Economic disparities
- Health care access.
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Explore key concepts related to gender socialization with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential definitions and distinctions between sex and gender, helping you understand their implications in society and culture.