Session 3: Describing Culture

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Questions and Answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between language and cultural characteristics?

  • Language is a determinant of how individuals interact with their surroundings. (correct)
  • Language restricts cultural expressions to a fixed set of meanings.
  • Language has no impact on how societies view their environment.
  • Language functions solely as a tool for communication, without affecting beliefs.

What role do dominant value orientations play in a society?

  • They create a hierarchy of preferences for alternative solutions. (correct)
  • They eliminate all variations in cultural practices.
  • They encourage societies to abandon traditional practices.
  • They are always consistent and unchanging over time.

How do cultural norms develop in relation to survival?

  • They are contingent upon historical legacy rather than necessity.
  • They arise despite environmental conditions.
  • They emerge to enhance the survival and safety of group members. (correct)
  • They are unrelated to the needs of group safety.

In what way do religious beliefs influence social identity?

<p>They compete with national identities and influence personal choices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the ordering of preferences in changing societies?

<p>It often becomes ambiguous and unclear during periods of transition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a feature of culture?

<p>The fluidity and dynamism of beliefs and values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is integral to the spreading of cultural characteristics within a society?

<p>The role of language in facilitating interaction and thought. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of culture refers to the visible expressions such as language and clothing?

<p>Cultural artifacts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do integrated coherent systems in culture primarily determine?

<p>Responses to cultural environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major characteristic of culture?

<p>It is an organized system of interrelated elements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component underlies the behavior and values of a culture?

<p>Basic assumptions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does culture typically influence perceptions within a society?

<p>Through shared unconscious beliefs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding cultural variance essential for international managers?

<p>To anticipate reactions based on cultural context (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do values in culture represent?

<p>Consciously held beliefs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about culture is true?

<p>Culture influences behavior through shared values and meanings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the deepest level of culture that influences members' beliefs and feelings undetected?

<p>Basic assumptions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a characteristic of culture?

<p>Culture is systematic and organized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary way through which culture is transmitted?

<p>Mainly by symbols. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is considered part of the essential core of culture?

<p>Traditionally derived ideas and their values. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of societal culture, which of the following debates is commonly discussed?

<p>Whether culture has a positive or negative influence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does culture typically influence social groups?

<p>By affecting perceptions, roles, and values. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the notable features of culture?

<p>Culture is shared among members of a particular group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between culture and attitudes?

<p>Cultural background can shape both attitudes and behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do symbols play in culture?

<p>Symbols are a primary means of transmitting culture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about learned culture is false?

<p>Culture is only learned in childhood and not in adulthood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cultural Norms

The beliefs and practices of a group of people that have developed over time to help them survive and thrive in their environment.

Language's Influence on Culture

The way that language influences how people think and see the world.

Religion's Influence on Culture

The shared beliefs and values of a religion can influence a culture, shaping behaviors, attitudes, and social structures.

Social Identity

The understanding a person has of themselves based on their group memberships and cultural values.

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Ordering Preferences in Society

The process of choosing which options are most desirable and fitting to a society's values and priorities.

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Value Orientations

The beliefs about what is good, right, and appropriate behavior within a society.

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Solving Common Social Problems

The ability of societies to find solutions to common problems like providing food, shelter, and education for their members.

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Cultural Integration

The way a culture's values, norms, beliefs, and behaviors are interconnected and work together as a whole.

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Cultural Context

The idea that to fully understand one aspect of a culture, you need to consider its broader context and connections to other aspects.

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Cultural Artifacts

The visible elements of a culture, like architecture, language, technology, clothing, art, and music.

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Espoused Values

The values and beliefs that people in a culture consciously express and believe are important.

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Basic Assumptions

The underlying assumptions and beliefs that are deeply ingrained in a culture and often unconscious.

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Cultural Transmission

The process by which cultural characteristics are learned and passed down through generations.

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Factors of Cultural Variation

The various factors that contribute to the differences and similarities between cultures.

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Cultural Adaptation

The ways that cultures adapt and change over time in response to their environment and challenges.

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Understanding Cultural Dynamics

Understanding how other cultures have developed, are sustained, and change to anticipate how people from these cultures might react to global trends and international managers.

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What is culture?

Culture is the set of learned and shared ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving among a group of people. It encompasses their beliefs, values, customs, and traditions.

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Is culture learned or inherited?

Culture is learned through observation, imitation, and instruction from others in the group. It's not something we're born with.

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Is culture structured or random?

Culture is a structured system of beliefs, values, and practices. It's not random; it's organized and follows certain patterns.

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What are values in culture?

Values are fundamental principles and beliefs about what is important in life. They guide our actions and choices.

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What are roles in culture?

Roles are sets of expected behaviours associated with a position or situation within a group. They define how individuals are supposed to act.

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How does culture impact individuals?

Culture deeply influences how we perceive the world, interact with others, and form our beliefs and attitudes.

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How does national culture affect international management?

Cultural differences between countries impact communication, business practices, and leadership styles. Managers need to understand these differences to be effective.

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What is organizational culture?

Every organization also has its own culture, shaped by its values, norms, and practices. It influences how employees behave and interact.

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How do national and organizational cultures interact?

National culture and organizational culture interact, shaping how individuals behave within both contexts. Understanding this interaction is crucial for effective management.

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Study Notes

Session 3: Describing Culture

  • Culture is shared, learned, systematic, and organized.
  • Culture encompasses ways of doing, thinking, and being.
  • National and organizational cultures interact.

Chapter 2: Goals

  • Explain the concept of culture.
  • Outline characteristics of societal culture.
  • Illustrate sources of societal culture.
  • Discuss debates surrounding the concept of culture.
  • Express the relationship of culture to social groups.

Culture & Background

  • Cultural background influences individual attitudes and behaviors.
  • This particularly impacts international managers due to frequent interactions with people from diverse cultures.
  • Culture broadly influences how international managers perceive their world, their actions, and expectations of them.

Culture Definition

  • Patterned ways of thinking, feeling, and reacting.
  • Acquired and transmitted primarily through symbols.
  • Distinctive achievement of human groups.
  • Includes embodiments in artifacts; core is traditional ideas and values.
  • Affects individual psychology through shared values, tools, norms, habits, etc.
  • Influences perceptions, interactions, social contacts, and related beliefs.

Characteristics of Culture

  • Shared: Most members share similar mental programs.
  • Learned: Acquired through social interaction and experience.
  • Systematic and Organized: Not random, but structured.

Levels of Mental Programming

  • Universal: Shared biological reactions (e.g., hunger).
  • Culture: Shared intermediate-level patterns through experiences within a society.
  • Personality: Unique individual characteristics.

Culture and Society

  • Society: Enduring, cooperating group with interconnected relationships.

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