Culture Studies: Understanding Cultural Dynamics

A leadership style focused on tasks and production, emphasizing technical aspects of work.

A leadership style that prioritizes people and their needs, fostering positive relationships in the workplace.

This theory posits that effective leadership depends on matching the leader's style to the situation.

This theory proposes that leaders are flexible and can adapt their style to guide followers towards reaching goals.

Leadership focuses on vision, inspiring change, and engaging people, while management concentrates on planning, organizing, and controlling to achieve predictable results.

A manager's respect is earned through their expertise and competence in their field.

A manager's respect is based on their position or length of time in the company, regardless of their knowledge or skills.

Management by Objectives (MBO) and pay-for-performance systems are effective tools for motivating employees.

Direct rewards given by managers are more effective in motivating employees than MBO and pay-for-performance systems.

A cultural perspective emphasizing individual freedom, self-reliance, and personal achievements.

A cultural perspective emphasizing group harmony, collective goals, and loyalty to the in-group.

Focus on clear separation between work and personal life, minimizing the impact of relationships on work objectives.

Blending of work and personal life, where strong relationships are crucial for achieving business objectives.

A practice where organizations share all relevant information with their employees, promoting open communication and faster decision-making.

Organizations assign tasks and roles to employees based on their individual strengths and skills, maximizing motivation and engagement.

The strength of the bonds and shared sense of purpose that unites team members, facilitating collaboration and mutual support.

Established rules or expectations about how team members should behave and interact, ensuring a smooth and productive workflow.

When individuals alter their opinions or behaviors to align with the perceived norms of a group, potentially impacting critical thinking and independent decision-making.

A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.

The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than alone.

The degree to which members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.

The degree to which members of the group are similar to, or different from, one another.

Information held by more members before team discussion has more influence than information held by fewer members, regardless of its validity.

Discussing shared information feels good! Members are judged as more competent and credible after discussing shared information.

Members prefer to discuss information that aligns with their existing preferences.

Feeling safe to freely express your opinion in a group.

Time is not a fixed, tangible thing. It's a human construct that we use to organize events and experiences. It's a subjective experience, influenced by our perceptions and cultural context.

The experience of time can vary based on individual perspectives, situations, and even the speed of our movement. Time can feel faster or slower depending on our emotional state and the activities we're engaged in.

Just like money or energy, time is a limited resource that needs to be managed effectively. We need to prioritize tasks, allocate time wisely, and avoid wasting it on unproductive activities.

Universalisms emphasize common standards, rules, and fair treatment for everyone. They prioritize objectivity, consistency, and transparency. Decisions are based on logic and reason, not personal connections.

Particularisms prioritize relationships, context, and individual circumstances over rigid rules. They value flexibility, empathy, and understanding. Decisions are based on personal connections and the needs of the situation.

Achievement-oriented cultures value what you do and base your worth on your accomplishments. Performance and results are highly valued and can supersede personal backgrounds.

Ascription-oriented cultures value who you are based on your social standing, power, and titles. Your role and connections play a significant role in how you are perceived and treated.

This approach sees management as a set of objective processes and models. Data analysis and logic are key in making decisions and solving problems. Efficiency and performance are the primary concerns.

This approach sees management as an intuitive and subjective process. Relationships, personal interactions, and understanding people's motivations are essential. Success is achieved through influencing and inspiring others.

A moral principle stating that actions should be universalizable, meaning you can apply them to everyone in similar situations without contradiction. This principle is used to determine if an action is ethically right.

Treating a person as a means to an end, rather than as an end in themselves. This means using someone for your own benefit, disrespecting their inherent dignity.

A moral philosophy that judges the rightness of an action based on its consequences. It seeks to maximize overall happiness or well-being by weighing pleasure against pain.

A version of utilitarianism that evaluates specific actions based on their likely consequences. It focuses on whether an action will lead to the greatest happiness for the most people.

A version of utilitarianism that judges the rightness of actions based on following rules that tend to lead to the greatest overall happiness. It focuses on upholding rules that maximize well-being.

A moral philosophy that emphasizes the cultivation of good character traits and habits, aiming to find a balance between extremes

A moral philosophy that centers on the idea of individual rights, which are legally binding entitlements that must be respected unconditionally.

A moral philosophy that emphasizes the importance of fair procedures in generating moral norms. It emphasizes involving everyone affected by a decision-making process.