Serum Dilution and Calculation Methods
48 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the dilution factor if 10 mL of sample is added to 190 mL of diluent?

  • 25
  • 20 (correct)
  • 19
  • 10

    • How much serum is required to make a 1 to 4 dilution with a total volume of 100.0 µL?

  • 0.25 µL
  • 2.5 µL
  • 25 µL (correct)
  • 0.025 µL

    • A patient's creatinine is outside the linear range of the analyzer; 10 µL of serum is added to 90.0 µL of diluent and the diluted sample is reanalyzed. The creatinine value of the diluted sample is 1.0 mg/dL. Which of the following creatinine values is correct?

  • 1.0 mg/dL
  • 10.0 mg/dL (correct)
  • 20.0 mg/dL
  • 100 mg/dL

    • A serum creatine kinase is diluted 1/200 with a result of 50 U/L. What is the patient's actual creatine kinase result?

    <p>10,000 U/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to CLSI, the resistivity of clinical laboratory reagent water (CLRW) must be:

    <blockquote> <p>10 ΜΩ· cm.</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    Ion-exchange filters remove which of the following from a water source?

    <p>Ions to reduce the mineral content of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anion gap is determined from which of the following groups of electrolytes?

    <p>Sodium, chloride, potassium, anion and HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma osmolality can be calculated using which of the following?

    <p>2(Na) + (glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Measurement of sodium, potassium, and chloride are commonly performed in laboratories using which of the following?

    <p>Ion selective electrodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolyte levels best correlate with plasma osmolality?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the equation shown below.

    pH = pK' + log cHCO3-/a x pСО2

    <p>Henderson-Hasselbalch equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specimen of choice for measuring blood pH, pO2, and pCO2 is:

    <p>Heparinized arterial blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient's blood gas results are: pH= 7.48; PCO2 = 52 mmHg; HCO3- = 40 mEq/L; pO2 = 98 mmHg. These results are consistent with which of the following?

    <p>Partially compensated metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient's blood gas results are as follows: pH = 7.25; dissolved CO2 = 1.8 mEq/L; HCO3¯ = 27 mEq/L. These results would be classified as:

    <p>Respiratory acidosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient's blood gas results are shown below:

    pH 7.32; pCO2 = 58 mm Hg; HCO3- = 28 mEq/L. These results indicate:

    <p>Respiratory acidosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the compensatory response of the kidney and lungs to a patient who is in metabolic acidosis?

    <p>The kidneys will decrease bicarbonate reabsorption and the patient will begin to hyperventilate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compensatory mechanisms is correct for a patient in respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Decrease whole blood pCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a derived blood gas parameter?

    <p>Actual base excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following carbohydrates is a polysaccharide?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycolysis is:

    <p>The conversion of glucose into lactate or pyruvate and then CO2 and H2O.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The only hormone that causes a decrease in blood glucose levels is:

    <p>Insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogen is stored in the:

    <p>Liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of diabetes usually manifests itself early in life, and is associated with ketosis, low insulin levels, and autoantibodies to islet cells?

    <p>Type 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Obesity and physical inactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the enzyme that is most specific for ẞ-D glucose.

    <p>Glucose oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Hexokinase method for glucose determinations, the actual end product measured is the:

    <p>Amount of hydrogen peroxide produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glucose concentration in normal cerebrospinal fluid is:

    <p>Usually less than 30 mg/dL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are confirmatory of diabetes mellitus EXCEPT:

    <p>Urine glucose greater than 300 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A protein that is increased or normal in nephrotic syndrome is:

    <p>a2-macroglobulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High serum total protein but low albumin is usually seen in:

    <p>Multiple myeloma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory test groups and results best reflects a patient with iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Serum iron, decreased; serum TIBC, increased; transferring saturation, decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A breakdown product of bilirubin metabolism that is produced in the colon from the oxidation of urobilinogen by microorganisms is:

    <p>Urobilin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be classified as prehepatic jaundice?

    <p>Congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia?

    <p>Neonatal physiologic jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a chemiluminescent compound?

    <p>Luminol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microparticulate enzyme immunoassay uses which of the following enzymes to catalyze the conversion of the substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate to methylumbelliferone?

    <p>Alkaline phosphatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following immunoassays produces a fluorescent molecule, 4-methylumbelliferone that serves as the detector compound?

    <p>Microparticulate enzyme immunoassay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cushing's syndrome is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>Excess secretion of pituitary ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once produced, the thyroid hormones are stored as thyroglobulin in which of the following?

    <p>Colloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetes insipidus is characterized by:

    <p>Copious production of urine (polyuria).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pituitary gigantism is associated with which of the following?

    <p>Growth (GH) excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following assays is recommended as a screening test for colorectal cancer in persons over 50 years of age?

    <p>Occult blood test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical usefulness of measuring carcinoembryonic antigen?

    <p>Monitoring for recurrence of colon cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tumor marker is associated with cancer of the urinary bladder?

    <p>Nuclear matrix protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biomarkers is elevated in nonmucinous epithelial ovarian cancer?

    <p>CA 125</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is used to assess the usefulness of trastuzumab (Herceptin®) therapy for breast cancer?

    <p>HER-2/neu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hCG test would be most useful to assess a person suspected of having testicular cancer?

    <p>Plasma immunoassay for intact hCG and the ẞ-hCG subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Dilution Factor Calculation

    • To calculate dilution factor, add the volume of the sample to the volume of diluent.
    • Divide the total volume by the sample volume.
    • Example: 10 mL sample + 190 mL diluent = 200 mL total. 10 mL sample / 190 ml diluent = 20

    Serum Dilution Calculation

    • To calculate how much serum is needed for a 1:4 dilution with a given total volume, use the formula: (desired dilution volume) / (desired dilution ratio) = required serum volume.
    • Example: For a 1:4 dilution with 100 μL total volume use the formula 100 μL / 5 = 20 μL serum.

    Linear Range of Analyzer (Creatinine)

    • If a patient's creatinine is outside the linear range of the analyzer, 10 μL of serum is added to 90 μL of diluent for re-analysis.
    • The re-analyzed creatinine value will be proportionally higher or lower (depends on the extent of the initial out-of-range measurement).
    • A diluted sample showing 1 mg/dL creatinine means that the original serum concentration should be scaled up or down depending on the dilution factor used. A 1:10 dilution would result in 10 mg/dL (1.0 x 10).

    Serum Creatine Kinase Dilution

    • If a serum creatine kinase is diluted 1/200 and the result is 50 U/L, the actual creatine kinase value is the result multiplied by the dilution factor: 50 U/L * 200 = 10,000 U/L.

    Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water (CLRW) Resistivity

    • According to CLSI, the resistivity of clinical laboratory reagent water (CLRW) needs to be 1000000000 μΩ*cm.

    Anion Gap Electrolytes

    • The anion gap is calculated using sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

    Plasma Osmolality Calculation

    • Plasma osmolality can be calculated using the formula: Na + 2(HCO3) + (Glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8).

    Electrolyte Measurement

    • Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and chloride are measured using ion-selective electrodes in laboratories.

    Blood Gas Specimen Choice

    • Heparinized arterial blood is the preferred specimen for measuring blood pH, pO2, and pCO2.

    Diagnostic Classification Based on Blood Gas Results

    • pH, pCO2, and HCO3 levels are used to classify blood gas results as metabolic acidosis or alkalosis, or respiratory acidosis or alkalosis.
    • These values (pH, pCO2, and HCO3-) depend on the extent, cause, and compensation occurring for metabolic and respiratory imbalances.

    Compensatory Response to Metabolic Acidosis

    • The kidneys increase bicarbonate reabsorption.
    • The patient will begin to breathe more deeply and frequently.

    Compensatory Mechanisms for Respiratory Acidosis

    • Decrease respiration rate.
    • Increase the movement of electrolytes such as Na+ and H+ out of the cells and into the blood while increasing K+ from blood into cells.

    Metabolic Acidosis Compensatory Mechanism

    • The primary compensatory mechanism in metabolic acidosis is hyperventilation
    • This will increase the removal of carbon dioxide from the blood

    Derived Blood Gas Parameter

    • Actual Base Excess

    Polysaccharide Carbohydrate

    • Starch

    Hormone Decreasing Blood Glucose

    • Insulin

    Glycogen Storage Location

    • Liver

    Type 1 Diabetes

    • The form of diabetes that usually manifests early in life, and is associated with ketosis, low insulin levels, and autoantibodies to islet cells.

    Type 2 Diabetes

    • Characterized by high insulin levels, obesity, and inactivity.

    Glucose Enzyme Specificity

    • Hexokinase is the most specific enzyme for beta-D-glucose.

    Hexokinase Method End Product

    • The actual end product in the Hexokinase method for glucose determinations is NADPH + H+ produced from the reduction of NADP.

    Glucose Concentration in CSF

    • 60-75% of the plasma glucose concentration

    Confirmatory of Diabetes Mellitus

    • Fasting glucose greater than 126 mg/dL, urine glucose greater than 300 mg/dL, and 1- and 2-hour glucose tolerance values greater than 200 mg/dL.

    Protein Increased in Nephrotic Syndrome

    • a2-macroglobulin.

    High Serum Protein, Low Albumin

    • Multiple myeloma

    Iron Deficiency Anemia Test Results

    • Serum iron, decreased; serum TIBC, increased; transferrin saturation, decreased.

    Breakdown Product of Bilirubin metabolism in Colon

    • Stercobilinogen

    Prehepatic Jaundice

    • Congestive Heart Failure

    Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia Cause

    • Hemolytic anemia

    Deficiency Causing Scurvy

    • Vitamin C

    Fluorescence in FPIA

    • The electrons spin 100 times faster than normal.

    Chemiluminescent Compound Example

    • Luminol

    Immunoassay Producing Fluorescent Molecule

    • Microparticulate enzyme immunoassay

    Cushing's Syndrome Characterization

    • Excess secretion of pituitary ACTH

    Pituitary Gigantism Association

    • Growth hormone (GH) excess

    Colorectal Cancer Screening Test

    • Occult blood test

    Clinical Usefulness of CEA

    • Monitoring for recurrence of colon cancer

    Tumor Marker for Urinary Bladder Cancer

    • CA 125

    Biomarker for Non-mucinous Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

    • CA 125

    Assessing Trastuzumab Usefulness

    • HER2/neu

    Test Assessing Testicular Cancer

    • Plasma immunoassay for intact hCG and the beta-hCG subunits.

    AFP Production in Healthy Individuals

    • The production of AFP decreases rapidly at birth and healthy adults and children have negligible or undetectable levels in serum.

    Commonalities in Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium

    • They exist as free or ionized forms, bound to proteins or complexes to radicals, or in combination with other elements as salts.

    Effect of Increased Parathyroid Secretion

    • Increased intestinal absorption of calcium

    Bone Formation Biomarkers

    • Hydroxproline

    Clinical Usefulness of Measuring Ionized Calcium

    • It is the best indication of calcium status because it is biologically active and tightly regulated by PTH and Vitamin D.

    Primary Storage Form of Iron

    • Ferritin

    Direct Assay for Measuring Plasma Phylloquinone

    • Vitamin K

    Term for Indirect Vitamin Status Assessment

    • Functional assays

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    MLT 83 Final Review PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on dilution factor calculations, serum dilution calculations, and understanding the linear range of analyzers specific to creatinine measurements. Get ready to apply your knowledge of dilution principles and serum analysis methods in practical scenarios.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser