18 Questions
What type of antibodies are referred to as Immunoglobulins, such as IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE?
Antibodies
Which type of antibody is usually the first to appear in response to exposure to a foreign substance?
IgM
Which type of antibody provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading organisms?
IgG
What is the term used to describe the amount of antibodies present in the blood as a result of infection?
Titer
What is the purpose of an ELISA test in serological testing?
Detecting antibodies
What does a 4-fold increase between acute and convalescent samples usually indicate?
Active infection
Which test is used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample?
ELISA test
What is a common method for measuring most hormones in circulation?
RIA (Radioimmunoassay)
Which test is used to detect antibodies against streptolysin O?
Anti-Streptolysin O test
What type of assay is commonly used to measure hormone concentrations within a predictable range?
RIA (Radioimmunoassay)
What is the main function of serology?
To study antibodies in the serum
In serology, what is an antigen?
A substance that stimulates the body to produce antibodies
What is the purpose of ELISA tests?
To detect antibodies in a sample
Which type of cytology involves removing samples using a fine needle for diagnostic purposes?
Aspiration cytology
What is the main objective of Papanicolaou (Pap) stain in cytological preparations?
To stain and examine cell morphology
What do ELISA tests primarily detect?
Antibodies or antigens in a sample
In which process is tissue preserved by stopping autolysis and preserving the chemical integrity?
Fixation
What is the primary purpose of a coverslip in preparing a slide for microscopic examination?
To protect tissue from scratching and preserve the slide
Study Notes
Serology
- A 4-fold increase in IgG levels between acute and convalescent samples usually indicates infection.
- Types of serological tests:
- Precipitation tests
- Agglutination tests
- Antigen/Antibody conjugation
- ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) tests
- Examples of serological tests:
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) test
- C-Reactive protein – latex slide test
- Rheumatoid factors – latex test/Waaler Rose test
- Anti-Streptolysin O test
- Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Syphilis test
- Hepatitis test
- HIV test
- Brucella test
- Typhus and Paratyphus test
Immunology
- Antibodies:
- Types: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE
- IgM: first antibody to appear in response to foreign substance exposure
- IgG: provides majority of antibody-based immunity
- Titer: amount of antibodies present in the blood
- Acute and Convalescent titers: comparing antibody levels between acute and convalescent stages of disease
Pathology
- Surgical pathology: study of lesions in living tissues and cells
- Categories of specimens: organs or parts of organs, biopsies
- Steps in processing specimens:
- Gross examination
- Fixation and fixatives
- Tissue processing
- Embedding
- Microtomy
- Staining and mounting
- Frozen section: technique for rapid diagnosis
Histology
- Dehydration: removing water from tissue specimens
- Clearing: replacing water with a medium that solidifies
- Infiltration: surrounding tissue with a firm substance to facilitate cutting
- Paraffin: most widely used embedding medium
- Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E): routine stain for tissue morphology
- Mounting media: synthetic resins
Cytopathology
- Study of disease in cells
- Types of cytopathology:
- Exfoliative cytology
- Aspiration cytology
- Papanicolaou or Pap stain: main stain for cytological preparations
Test your knowledge on serological tests and ELISA, a biochemical technique used in immunology to detect antibodies or antigens in samples. Learn about precipitation tests, agglutination tests, and the importance of IgG levels in indicating infection.
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