Sepsis
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Questions and Answers

What are the three components of the epidemiologic triad?

  • Bacteria, viruses, fungi
  • Host, agent, environment (correct)
  • Sanitary conditions, season, availability of health care
  • Genetic susceptibility, resiliency, nutritional status

    • Which factor influences whether exposure to an organism will cause disease?

  • Genetic susceptibility
  • Microbial inoculum
  • Virulence factor (correct)
  • Sanitary conditions

    • What are the common etiologic bacteria for pulmonary community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

  • S. aureus, Pseudomonas, Enteric GNR
  • S. pneumo, H. flu, M. catarrhalis, Legionella (correct)
  • Giardia, Toxoplasmosis, Trichinella, Strongyloides
  • Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium, Influenza, hepatitis

    • Which type of organism causes meningitis?

    <p>S. pneumo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the attributes of the infectious agent mentioned in the text?

    <p>Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the factors that influence whether exposure to an organism will cause disease?

    <p>Virulence factor, microbial inoculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common etiologic bacteria for diabetic foot infection?

    <p>S. aureus, betahemolytic Strep, S. epidermidis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some environment attributes affecting the spread of infectious diseases?

    <p>Vectors, zoonotic hosts, climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are part of the innate immune system?

    <p>Physical and chemical barriers, inflammatory response, complement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences susceptibility to infections?

    <p>Immune status, sex, age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some host defense mechanisms to prevent colonization by pathogens?

    <p>Establishment of normal flora, mechanical clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individuals are at higher risk for certain infections?

    <p>Immunocompromised individuals, substance abusers, individuals with multiple sexual contacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors play?

    <p>Recognizing and responding to microbial flora and invasive pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the adaptive immune system provide after initial exposure to a pathogen?

    <p>Acquired immunity and protective immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common risk factor for Infective Endocarditis (IE)?

    <p>Presence of a prosthetic valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species commonly causes pneumonia in community-acquired cases?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cutaneous manifestations of Infective Endocarditis (IE)?

    <p>Splinter hemorrhages, conjunctival petechiae, Osler nodes, and Janeway lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis?

    <p>Inflammatory cascade leading to cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of sepsis?

    <p>Dysregulated inflammatory response to infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is commonly affected by Group B streptococci in bacterial meningitis?

    <p>Neonates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of the injury of the endothelial surface of the heart in Infective Endocarditis (IE)?

    <p>Formation of bacterial vegetations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predicted mortality rate for septic shock?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to vasodilation, hypotension, and hypoperfusion in sepsis?

    <p>Release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two sources of toxins causing sepsis?

    <p>Bacterial endotoxins and exotoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major cause of diarrhea related to gastrointestinal tract infections?

    <p>E. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different presentations of infectious diarrhea?

    <p>Secretory diarrhea, inflammatory diarrhea, and hemorrhagic diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can hemorrhagic diarrhea caused by EHEC lead to?

    <p>Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cost of infectious diarrhea in the U.S. annually?

    <p>$6 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathogenesis of sepsis?

    <p>Localized infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of septic shock?

    <p>Hypotension requiring vasopressor support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a viral infectious agent?

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an environmental attribute that can affect the spread of infectious diseases?

    <p>Sanitary conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is commonly associated with diabetic foot infections?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common etiologic bacteria for pulmonary community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

    <p>Haemophilus influenzae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common etiologic bacteria for skin infections?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of infectious fungi?

    <p>Candida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a pathophysiologic characteristic for infectious diseases?

    <p>Microbial inoculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the innate immune system provides protection through physical and chemical barriers?

    <p>Establishment of normal flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the factors influencing susceptibility to infections?

    <p>Genetic makeup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria is commonly responsible for endocarditis?

    <p>S. aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a role in recognizing and responding to both microbial flora and invasive pathogens?

    <p>Toll-like receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides acquired immunity and protective immunity after initial exposure to a pathogen?

    <p>Adaptive immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individuals are at higher risk for certain infections?

    <p>Substance abusers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the environment attributes affecting the spread of infectious diseases?

    <p>Climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common risk factor for Infective Endocarditis (IE)?

    <p>Presence of a prosthetic valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of injury to the endothelial surface of the heart in Infective Endocarditis (IE)?

    <p>Formation of bacterial vegetations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cutaneous manifestations of Infective Endocarditis (IE)?

    <p>Splinter hemorrhages, conjunctival petechiae, Osler nodes, and Janeway lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of pneumonia in community-acquired cases?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical manifestations of bacterial meningitis?

    <p>Rapid onset fever, headache, neck stiffness or pain, and signs of herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of sepsis?

    <p>Dysregulated inflammatory response to infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathogenesis of pneumonia?

    <p>Defect in host defenses, exposure to large inoculum, and pathogens reaching the lungs through inhalation or aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predicted mortality of septic shock?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to vasodilation, hypotension, and hypoperfusion in sepsis?

    <p>Nitric oxide release from endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major cause of diarrhea related to gastrointestinal tract infections?

    <p>Viral pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common manifestations of sepsis?

    <p>Systemic responses to infections and specific organ system dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can hemorrhagic diarrhea caused by EHEC lead to?

    <p>Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences gastrointestinal tract infections?

    <p>Viral pathogens and person-to-person transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common etiologic bacteria for sepsis?

    <p>Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major classes of E. coli that can cause diarrhea?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cost of infectious diarrhea in the U.S. annually?

    <p>$6 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sepsis and Septic Shock

    • Septic shock is defined as sepsis with hypotension requiring vasopressor support to maintain MAP >65 mmHg and lactate >2 mmol/L, with a predicted mortality of 40%.
    • The pathogenesis of sepsis involves localized infection, overstimulation of the host inflammatory response, and uncontrolled release of inflammatory mediators.
    • Hemodynamic alterations in sepsis lead to vasodilation, hypotension, and hypoperfusion due to nitric oxide release from endothelial cells in response to bacterial endotoxin.
    • Sepsis results in vascular and multiorgan dysfunction, organ failure from microvascular injury, and decreases in the number of functional capillaries.
    • Toxins causing sepsis may arise from gram-negative bacteria (endotoxins) or proteins synthesized and released by bacteria (exotoxins).
    • Clinical manifestations of sepsis include systemic responses to infections and specific organ system dysfunction.
    • Infectious diarrhea causes over 5 million deaths worldwide annually, with 200 million episodes and 1.8 million hospitalizations in the U.S., costing $6 billion per year.
    • The etiology of infectious diarrhea involves viral pathogens and environmental factors such as person-to-person, water-borne, and food-borne transmission.
    • Host factors and infectious agents influence gastrointestinal tract infections, with E. coli being a major cause of diarrhea.
    • There are five major classes of E. coli that can cause diarrhea, each with the ability to evade host defenses, colonize intestinal mucosa, and multiply with host cell injury.
    • Infectious diarrhea can present as secretory diarrhea, inflammatory diarrhea, or hemorrhagic diarrhea, with different symptoms and pathogens involved.
    • Hemorrhagic diarrhea caused by EHEC can lead to a broad spectrum of clinical disease, ranging from asymptomatic infection to hemolytic-uremic syndrome characterized by anemia and renal failure.

    Sepsis and Septic Shock

    • Septic shock is defined as sepsis with hypotension requiring vasopressor support to maintain MAP >65 mmHg and lactate >2 mmol/L, with a predicted mortality of 40%.
    • The pathogenesis of sepsis involves localized infection, overstimulation of the host inflammatory response, and uncontrolled release of inflammatory mediators.
    • Hemodynamic alterations in sepsis lead to vasodilation, hypotension, and hypoperfusion due to nitric oxide release from endothelial cells in response to bacterial endotoxin.
    • Sepsis results in vascular and multiorgan dysfunction, organ failure from microvascular injury, and decreases in the number of functional capillaries.
    • Toxins causing sepsis may arise from gram-negative bacteria (endotoxins) or proteins synthesized and released by bacteria (exotoxins).
    • Clinical manifestations of sepsis include systemic responses to infections and specific organ system dysfunction.
    • Infectious diarrhea causes over 5 million deaths worldwide annually, with 200 million episodes and 1.8 million hospitalizations in the U.S., costing $6 billion per year.
    • The etiology of infectious diarrhea involves viral pathogens and environmental factors such as person-to-person, water-borne, and food-borne transmission.
    • Host factors and infectious agents influence gastrointestinal tract infections, with E. coli being a major cause of diarrhea.
    • There are five major classes of E. coli that can cause diarrhea, each with the ability to evade host defenses, colonize intestinal mucosa, and multiply with host cell injury.
    • Infectious diarrhea can present as secretory diarrhea, inflammatory diarrhea, or hemorrhagic diarrhea, with different symptoms and pathogens involved.
    • Hemorrhagic diarrhea caused by EHEC can lead to a broad spectrum of clinical disease, ranging from asymptomatic infection to hemolytic-uremic syndrome characterized by anemia and renal failure.

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    Infectious Diseases Pathophysiology PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of sepsis, septic shock, and infectious diarrhea with this quiz. Explore the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and major causative agents of these critical conditions.

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