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Questions and Answers
What is a potential drawback of averaging across stimuli?
What is a potential drawback of averaging across stimuli?
Why is stimulus sampling particularly important?
Why is stimulus sampling particularly important?
Which statement best summarizes the impact of averaging on categorization?
Which statement best summarizes the impact of averaging on categorization?
What happens if individuals recognize differences among stimuli in a category?
What happens if individuals recognize differences among stimuli in a category?
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Which of the following is a consequence of not considering stimulus variations?
Which of the following is a consequence of not considering stimulus variations?
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Which type of data is considered sensitive and requires stronger protection?
Which type of data is considered sensitive and requires stronger protection?
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What term is used to describe the misuse of research methods to achieve statistically significant results?
What term is used to describe the misuse of research methods to achieve statistically significant results?
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Which of the following is NOT considered sensitive personal data?
Which of the following is NOT considered sensitive personal data?
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Which of the following categories is included under sensitive personal data that needs stronger protection?
Which of the following categories is included under sensitive personal data that needs stronger protection?
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What is the threshold for achieving statistical significance in research as mentioned in the context?
What is the threshold for achieving statistical significance in research as mentioned in the context?
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What type of research design is best suited for testing causal relationships?
What type of research design is best suited for testing causal relationships?
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In a study investigating why certain groups in society are not following coronavirus measures, which research design should be employed?
In a study investigating why certain groups in society are not following coronavirus measures, which research design should be employed?
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Why is random assignment important in experimental designs?
Why is random assignment important in experimental designs?
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What is the main consideration when choosing between correlational and experimental designs?
What is the main consideration when choosing between correlational and experimental designs?
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What aspect of social behavior was tested in an experiment manipulating social norms?
What aspect of social behavior was tested in an experiment manipulating social norms?
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What does the squared multiple correlation (R2) measure in the context of moderation?
What does the squared multiple correlation (R2) measure in the context of moderation?
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Which statement accurately reflects the role of interaction in moderation analysis?
Which statement accurately reflects the role of interaction in moderation analysis?
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What conclusion can be drawn if the increment in squared multiple correlation (R2) is significantly greater than zero?
What conclusion can be drawn if the increment in squared multiple correlation (R2) is significantly greater than zero?
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What does a significant squared multiple correlation (R2) imply about the validity of the interaction term?
What does a significant squared multiple correlation (R2) imply about the validity of the interaction term?
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When evaluating moderation, which aspect is primarily considered regarding squared multiple correlation (R2)?
When evaluating moderation, which aspect is primarily considered regarding squared multiple correlation (R2)?
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What is a common solution to avoid demand effects in a study?
What is a common solution to avoid demand effects in a study?
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What is a manipulation check, and why is it important?
What is a manipulation check, and why is it important?
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What should researchers aim to avoid to maintain the integrity of their study's results?
What should researchers aim to avoid to maintain the integrity of their study's results?
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What was the outcome of the study by Bargh, Chen, & Burrows (1996) regarding priming?
What was the outcome of the study by Bargh, Chen, & Burrows (1996) regarding priming?
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How can an experimenter's awareness of experimental conditions affect the results?
How can an experimenter's awareness of experimental conditions affect the results?
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Study Notes
Sensitive Data Protection
- Sensitive personal data requires strong protection, including health data, genetic or biometric data, religion, race, ethnicity, and political beliefs.
Dealing with Data: Research Approaches
- p-hacking: Using research degrees of freedom to obtain a p-value less than 0.05.
- Averaging across stimuli: May hide differences between individual stimuli.
- Stimulus sampling: Essential when individuals are aware of variations within a category.
- Correlational designs: Describe social reality, suitable for questions like "Which groups in society are not following coronavirus measures and why?".
- Experimental designs: Test causal relationships, suitable for questions like "Do social norms affect people's willingness to get tested and self-quarantine?".
The Importance of Experiments
- Random assignment: Eliminates individual differences between participants in different conditions.
- Theory and intervention: Experiments are crucial for developing theories and effective interventions/policies.
- Manipulation checks: Validating the experimental manipulation in a separate study is often beneficial.
- Attrition: Avoid losing participants, even if the rate is equal across conditions.
- Demand effects: Participants may guess the research question and alter their behavior to support the hypothesis.
- Cover story: Construct a convincing cover story to mask the true research question and minimize demand effects.
- Experimenter blindness: Ideally, the experimenter should be unaware of the experimental condition to prevent conscious or unconscious signaling.
Example: Priming and Walking Speed
- Priming participants with the 'old' stereotype can result in them walking more slowly after the experiment.
Moderation Analysis
- Moderation analysis helps determine the magnitude and direction of an interaction effect.
- The interaction effect is significant if the increment in the squared multiple correlation (R2) is greater than zero.
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Description
Explore the critical aspects of sensitive data protection, including the necessary safeguards for personal information. Additionally, dive into various research approaches like p-hacking and experimental designs, understanding how they influence data analysis and societal insights.
