Senior High School Biology

Questions and Answers

What are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates?

Amino acids

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Monosaccharides (correct)

Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates in organisms?

Structural support in plants (correct)

Long-term energy storage

Hormone production

Transportation of oxygen

How do carbohydrates break down to their monomers?

Through hydrolysis reaction (correct)

Through condensation synthesis

By oxidation

Through fermentation

What is the primary function of lipids in biological systems?

To provide long-term energy storage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of lipids?

Formed from glycerol and fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What is one major role of lipids in emulsification?

To allow mixing of water and oils Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbohydrate provides sustained energy due to its complex structure?

Polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about carbohydrates is incorrect?

All carbohydrates provide structural support. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?

Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method through which triglycerides are formed?

Condensation synthesis with glycerol and fatty acids. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary dietary source of artificial trans-fat?

Partially hydrogenated oils. Signup and view all the answers

What health risk is strongly associated with high consumption of trans fats?

Higher risk of developing coronary heart disease. Signup and view all the answers

How do unsaturated fatty acids behave at room temperature compared to saturated fatty acids?

Unsaturated fatty acids are generally liquid. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hydrogenation on unsaturated fats?

It creates fully saturated molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What role do lipids play in the body?

They help in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural component of triglycerides?

One glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods are primarily sources of complex carbohydrates?

Pasta Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended percentage of total daily calories that carbohydrates should comprise according to dietary guidelines?

45% to 65% Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT attributed to lipids in the human body?

Facilitating digestion of sugars Signup and view all the answers

What role do emulsifiers play in relation to lipids?

They allow lipids to mix with water Signup and view all the answers

In dietary guidelines, how many grams of carbohydrates should a person consuming 2,000 calories per day aim for?

225 to 325 grams Signup and view all the answers

What enables lipids to be soluble in water?

Presence of emulsifiers Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lipid functions primarily as messenger molecules in the body?

Steroids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the solubility of lipids?

Lipids are insoluble in water Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Carbohydrates

Complex carbohydrates include starches found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes, and corn.
They take longer to digest and provide sustained energy.
Recommended carbohydrate intake: 45% to 65% of total daily calories; for a 2,000 calorie diet, this is between 900 and 1,300 calories (225 to 325 grams).
The carbohydrate content of packaged foods can be found on Nutrition Facts labels, which include fiber, total sugars, and added sugars.

Lipids

Lipids function as energy storage, insulators, and protective cushioning for organs.
Oils in the diet convert to fats after consumption and serve as nutrients.
Phospholipids are key membrane components; steroids act as hormones and are found in cell membranes (e.g., cholesterol).
All lipids are insoluble in water unless emulsifiers are present; emulsifiers have a polar and a nonpolar end that help lipids mix with water.
Bile contains emulsifiers crucial for lipid digestion.

Types of Fats

Triglycerides (neutral fats) consist of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids formed through condensation synthesis.
Saturated fatty acids have single bonds between carbon atoms and are solid at room temperature; they are fully surrounded by hydrogen.
Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds and are liquid at room temperature; they can be found in hydrogenated forms in foods.

Health Impact of Trans Fats

The Philippines has initiated a ban on trans fats in prepackaged processed foods to combat high trans fat consumption, reducing risks of coronary heart disease.
The FDA is taking measures to eliminate trans fats from the American diet.
Partially hydrogenated oils are the main source of artificial trans fats in processed foods.

Biological Molecules Overview

Major categories of biological molecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids.
Carbohydrates and lipids are primarily organic polymers made of repeating monomers.
Common monomers: Carbohydrates (monosaccharides), Proteins (amino acids), Nucleic Acids (nucleotides).
Polymers are formed through condensation synthesis and can be broken down to monomers via hydrolysis.

Carbohydrate Functions

Serve quick and short-term energy storage across all organisms.
Have structural functions in plants, bacteria, and insects, supporting cellular integrity.

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Description

This quiz focuses on complex carbohydrates found in various foods such as pasta, bread, and potatoes. It explores their digestion process and energy provision. Ideal for Senior High School students studying Earth and Life Sciences.