Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic of semisolid dosage forms at room temperature?
What is a key characteristic of semisolid dosage forms at room temperature?
- Maintains a rigid shape
- Conforms to the shape of its container (correct)
- Easily shatters upon impact
- Becomes a liquid
What is the primary purpose of topical dosage forms?
What is the primary purpose of topical dosage forms?
- Delivering drugs into the bloodstream
- Treating skin disorders by delivering drugs into the skin (correct)
- Providing systemic effects through the skin
- Bypassing the skin to reach deeper tissues
Which of the following is NOT a typical function of topical dosage forms?
Which of the following is NOT a typical function of topical dosage forms?
- Protecting injured skin
- Delivering medication for a specific effect
- Providing skin hydration
- Inducing a systemic effect (correct)
What type of dosage form delivers drugs through the skin for systemic effects?
What type of dosage form delivers drugs through the skin for systemic effects?
Which of the following is an example of a semisolid dosage form?
Which of the following is an example of a semisolid dosage form?
The volume of drug that penetrates the skin from a semisolid is NOT determined by
The volume of drug that penetrates the skin from a semisolid is NOT determined by
What effect does increased skin hydration typically have on percutaneous absorption?
What effect does increased skin hydration typically have on percutaneous absorption?
What is the effect of vasodilation on drug absorption?
What is the effect of vasodilation on drug absorption?
When selecting a base for a semisolid, what is a key consideration?
When selecting a base for a semisolid, what is a key consideration?
Which property is characteristic of oleaginous bases?
Which property is characteristic of oleaginous bases?
What is a disadvantage of using oleaginous bases?
What is a disadvantage of using oleaginous bases?
Anhydrous absorption bases can form what type of emulsion when water is added?
Anhydrous absorption bases can form what type of emulsion when water is added?
What is an advantage of using water-removable bases?
What is an advantage of using water-removable bases?
What is a potential disadvantage of water-soluble bases?
What is a potential disadvantage of water-soluble bases?
According to the content, what should be the focus during the pre-formulation stage of compounding?
According to the content, what should be the focus during the pre-formulation stage of compounding?
What is the role of excipients in a dosage form?
What is the role of excipients in a dosage form?
Which of these is a commonly compounded semisolid?
Which of these is a commonly compounded semisolid?
What is the purpose of stiffening agents in semisolids?
What is the purpose of stiffening agents in semisolids?
When is a preservative typically needed in a semisolid formulation?
When is a preservative typically needed in a semisolid formulation?
What is the primary use of ointments?
What is the primary use of ointments?
Ointments are best suited for which type of skin lesions?
Ointments are best suited for which type of skin lesions?
What is the purpose of levigating a solid material when preparing an ointment?
What is the purpose of levigating a solid material when preparing an ointment?
In the fusion method of ointment preparation, when are materials with the lowest melting points typically added?
In the fusion method of ointment preparation, when are materials with the lowest melting points typically added?
Creams are best applied to what type of lesions?
Creams are best applied to what type of lesions?
What characterizes gels as a semisolid system?
What characterizes gels as a semisolid system?
What determines the preparation technique for gels?
What determines the preparation technique for gels?
What happens to suppositories after insertion into body orifices?
What happens to suppositories after insertion into body orifices?
What is a local effect that suppositories can provide?
What is a local effect that suppositories can provide?
What is a key advantage of using suppositories?
What is a key advantage of using suppositories?
What is a desirable property of suppository bases?
What is a desirable property of suppository bases?
Which of the following describes cocoa butter when used as a suppository base?
Which of the following describes cocoa butter when used as a suppository base?
Why are commercial suppository products sometimes preferred over cocoa butter?
Why are commercial suppository products sometimes preferred over cocoa butter?
What happens to glycerinated gelatin suppositories?
What happens to glycerinated gelatin suppositories?
What is an important consideration for glycerinated gelatin suppositories?
What is an important consideration for glycerinated gelatin suppositories?
When preparing suppositories by hand molding, which base is generally used?
When preparing suppositories by hand molding, which base is generally used?
What should you ensure when preparing a mold for suppositories?
What should you ensure when preparing a mold for suppositories?
How is the active drug prepared before incorporating it into a suppository base?
How is the active drug prepared before incorporating it into a suppository base?
What is the final step in suppository preparation?
What is the final step in suppository preparation?
Cold compression molding is suitable for which type of suppository bases?
Cold compression molding is suitable for which type of suppository bases?
What are troches intended to do?
What are troches intended to do?
What is a potential disadvantage of troches?
What is a potential disadvantage of troches?
What is a key characteristic of hard troches?
What is a key characteristic of hard troches?
What are chewable troches formulated with?
What are chewable troches formulated with?
What is the term for bases that contain an emulsifier and form water-in-oil emulsions when water is added?
What is the term for bases that contain an emulsifier and form water-in-oil emulsions when water is added?
Which type of base is known for being non-greasy and easily removable from the skin by washing?
Which type of base is known for being non-greasy and easily removable from the skin by washing?
Which ingredient is used to keep ingredients from sticking to each other during the compounding process?
Which ingredient is used to keep ingredients from sticking to each other during the compounding process?
Which of the following ointment bases is best suited for incorporating aqueous solutions?
Which of the following ointment bases is best suited for incorporating aqueous solutions?
What is a key characteristic of oleaginous ointment bases?
What is a key characteristic of oleaginous ointment bases?
What is the definition of a semisolid dosage form?
What is the definition of a semisolid dosage form?
What is the purpose of transdermal dosage forms?
What is the purpose of transdermal dosage forms?
Which factor affects the volume of drug that penetrates the skin from a semisolid?
Which factor affects the volume of drug that penetrates the skin from a semisolid?
What effect does increased skin hydration have on percutaneous absorption?
What effect does increased skin hydration have on percutaneous absorption?
What is a key advantage of oleaginous bases?
What is a key advantage of oleaginous bases?
What type of emulsion do anhydrous absorption bases form when water is added?
What type of emulsion do anhydrous absorption bases form when water is added?
What characterizes water-removable bases?
What characterizes water-removable bases?
What is a disadvantage of water-soluble bases?
What is a disadvantage of water-soluble bases?
What is the focus during the pre-formulation stage of compounding?
What is the focus during the pre-formulation stage of compounding?
What is the primary role of excipients in a dosage form?
What is the primary role of excipients in a dosage form?
What is the purpose of using stiffening agents in semisolids?
What is the purpose of using stiffening agents in semisolids?
When is a preservative needed in a semisolid formulation?
When is a preservative needed in a semisolid formulation?
Ointments are generally used for which type of skin lesions?
Ointments are generally used for which type of skin lesions?
When are materials with the lowest melting points typically added in the fusion method of ointment preparation?
When are materials with the lowest melting points typically added in the fusion method of ointment preparation?
Creams are best suited for which type of lesions?
Creams are best suited for which type of lesions?
After insertion, what do suppositories do?
After insertion, what do suppositories do?
What effects can suppositories provide?
What effects can suppositories provide?
What is an advantage of using suppositories over oral medications?
What is an advantage of using suppositories over oral medications?
When preparing suppositories through hand molding, which base is generally used?
When preparing suppositories through hand molding, which base is generally used?
What is the first priority when preparing a mold for suppositories?
What is the first priority when preparing a mold for suppositories?
How is the active drug generally prepared before incorporating it into a suppository base?
How is the active drug generally prepared before incorporating it into a suppository base?
Chewable troches are formulated with what?
Chewable troches are formulated with what?
What substance is added to semi-solids to reduce the evaporation rate of water?
What substance is added to semi-solids to reduce the evaporation rate of water?
What is the MOST important consideration when choosing a base?
What is the MOST important consideration when choosing a base?
Which base is used to incorporate an aqueous solution?
Which base is used to incorporate an aqueous solution?
A high HLB surfactant, Glycerin, and Propylene Glycol would classify the Levigating Agent as?
A high HLB surfactant, Glycerin, and Propylene Glycol would classify the Levigating Agent as?
When making an ointment, which do you do first?
When making an ointment, which do you do first?
To prepare hard troches, which of the following is the MOST typical method?
To prepare hard troches, which of the following is the MOST typical method?
What would you commonly combine a Troche with to flavor it?
What would you commonly combine a Troche with to flavor it?
What is the correct temperature to prepare a hard troche?
What is the correct temperature to prepare a hard troche?
You are preparing an oleaginous ointment. Which of the following actions is MOST important?
You are preparing an oleaginous ointment. Which of the following actions is MOST important?
What crucial factor determines the technique used in gel preparation?
What crucial factor determines the technique used in gel preparation?
What is the main purpose of incorporating stiffening agents into semisolid formulations?
What is the main purpose of incorporating stiffening agents into semisolid formulations?
When preparing ointments using the fusion method, in what order should the materials be added?
When preparing ointments using the fusion method, in what order should the materials be added?
What is the typical base used in hand-molded suppositories?
What is the typical base used in hand-molded suppositories?
What is the purpose of using a humectant in semisolid dosage forms?
What is the purpose of using a humectant in semisolid dosage forms?
What is the primary function of a semisolid dosage form?
What is the primary function of a semisolid dosage form?
How does increasing the duration of contact between a medicated semisolid and the skin generally affect drug absorption?
How does increasing the duration of contact between a medicated semisolid and the skin generally affect drug absorption?
What is a key limitation of oleaginous bases that affects patient compliance?
What is a key limitation of oleaginous bases that affects patient compliance?
What is the role of an emulsifier in anhydrous absorption bases?
What is the role of an emulsifier in anhydrous absorption bases?
What is a significant disadvantage associated with water-removable bases regarding chemical stability?
What is a significant disadvantage associated with water-removable bases regarding chemical stability?
Why is solubility and stability a key focus during the pre-formulation stage of compounding?
Why is solubility and stability a key focus during the pre-formulation stage of compounding?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the function of excipients in pharmaceutical dosage forms?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the function of excipients in pharmaceutical dosage forms?
What is the purpose of incorporating stiffening agents into semisolid formulations like ointments and creams?
What is the purpose of incorporating stiffening agents into semisolid formulations like ointments and creams?
Why is the presence of water in a semisolid formulation a key consideration when determining the need for a preservative?
Why is the presence of water in a semisolid formulation a key consideration when determining the need for a preservative?
Why is it important for an ointment to spread easily and not be gritty?
Why is it important for an ointment to spread easily and not be gritty?
In the preparation of ointments using the incorporation method, what is the purpose of levigating a solid material?
In the preparation of ointments using the incorporation method, what is the purpose of levigating a solid material?
During the fusion method of ointment preparation, what is the rationale behind adding materials with the lowest melting points last?
During the fusion method of ointment preparation, what is the rationale behind adding materials with the lowest melting points last?
What is a critical consideration when using creams for burn treatment, particularly in terms of application?
What is a critical consideration when using creams for burn treatment, particularly in terms of application?
What role do gelling agents play in the formation of gels?
What role do gelling agents play in the formation of gels?
What is the primary reason for using suppositories as a drug delivery system when compared to oral medications?
What is the primary reason for using suppositories as a drug delivery system when compared to oral medications?
What is a crucial factor in the selection of a suppository base related to its physical properties?
What is a crucial factor in the selection of a suppository base related to its physical properties?
What potential issue is of MOST concern when cocoa butter is overheated during the preparation of suppositories?
What potential issue is of MOST concern when cocoa butter is overheated during the preparation of suppositories?
What is the primary reason commercial suppository products may be preferred over those compounded with cocoa butter?
What is the primary reason commercial suppository products may be preferred over those compounded with cocoa butter?
Why must glycerinated gelatin suppositories be protected from atmospheric moisture?
Why must glycerinated gelatin suppositories be protected from atmospheric moisture?
When preparing suppositories by hand molding, what characteristic of cocoa butter makes it a suitable base?
When preparing suppositories by hand molding, what characteristic of cocoa butter makes it a suitable base?
Before pouring a melted suppository base into a mold, why is lubrication of the mold generally recommended?
Before pouring a melted suppository base into a mold, why is lubrication of the mold generally recommended?
What is the preferred method of preparing the active drug during suppository compounding to ensure maximal efficacy?
What is the preferred method of preparing the active drug during suppository compounding to ensure maximal efficacy?
In the preparation of suppositories, after mixing and pouring, what is the final step before packaging and labeling?
In the preparation of suppositories, after mixing and pouring, what is the final step before packaging and labeling?
For which type of suppository bases is the cold compression molding method MOST appropriate?
For which type of suppository bases is the cold compression molding method MOST appropriate?
What is the MOST significant advantage of troches over traditional tablets or capsules for local oral conditions?
What is the MOST significant advantage of troches over traditional tablets or capsules for local oral conditions?
What is a primary safety concern associated with troches, especially in households with children?
What is a primary safety concern associated with troches, especially in households with children?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of hard troches (lozenges) compared to other types of troches?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of hard troches (lozenges) compared to other types of troches?
What type of base is typically used in the formulation of chewable troches, enhancing their palatability?
What type of base is typically used in the formulation of chewable troches, enhancing their palatability?
According to the information provided, what is the BUD (Beyond-Use Date) for water containing preparations?
According to the information provided, what is the BUD (Beyond-Use Date) for water containing preparations?
If the API is heat sensitive when using the fusion method to create a cream, when should it be added to the water and oil mixture?
If the API is heat sensitive when using the fusion method to create a cream, when should it be added to the water and oil mixture?
What substance should be used when levigating the solid material of an ointment with the base in which water is the external phase?
What substance should be used when levigating the solid material of an ointment with the base in which water is the external phase?
What is a key determinant of the technique used when preparing Gels?
What is a key determinant of the technique used when preparing Gels?
What is a key factor for ensuring the desired properties of suppositories made with cocoa butter?
What is a key factor for ensuring the desired properties of suppositories made with cocoa butter?
What is the reason for making a slight excess of material when creating a Glycerinated Gelatin suppository?
What is the reason for making a slight excess of material when creating a Glycerinated Gelatin suppository?
A pharmacist needs to compound a topical ointment for a drug that is prone to hydrolysis. Considering the stability of the drug, which base type would be MOST appropriate for this formulation?
A pharmacist needs to compound a topical ointment for a drug that is prone to hydrolysis. Considering the stability of the drug, which base type would be MOST appropriate for this formulation?
In preparing an ointment using the fusion method, a pharmacist is formulating an ointment with beeswax (melting point: 62-64°C), white petrolatum (melting point: 38-56°C), and a heat-labile active ingredient. In which order should these components be combined and heated?
In preparing an ointment using the fusion method, a pharmacist is formulating an ointment with beeswax (melting point: 62-64°C), white petrolatum (melting point: 38-56°C), and a heat-labile active ingredient. In which order should these components be combined and heated?
A patient requires a topical medication for a weeping skin lesion. Considering the properties of different semisolid dosage forms, which of the following would be the MOST suitable choice for application to this type of lesion?
A patient requires a topical medication for a weeping skin lesion. Considering the properties of different semisolid dosage forms, which of the following would be the MOST suitable choice for application to this type of lesion?
When formulating suppositories using cocoa butter as the base, what is the MOST critical consideration regarding its polymorphic nature?
When formulating suppositories using cocoa butter as the base, what is the MOST critical consideration regarding its polymorphic nature?
A pharmacist is compounding troches for oral administration. For a medication intended to provide a localized effect in the mouth and mask an unpleasant taste, which type of troche would be MOST appropriate?
A pharmacist is compounding troches for oral administration. For a medication intended to provide a localized effect in the mouth and mask an unpleasant taste, which type of troche would be MOST appropriate?
A patient is prescribed a topical medication. They are instructed to apply a 2-inch strip of ointment. Given that 1 gram of this ointment is approximately equivalent to a 1-inch strip, what quantity of ointment, in grams, should the patient apply per dose?
A patient is prescribed a topical medication. They are instructed to apply a 2-inch strip of ointment. Given that 1 gram of this ointment is approximately equivalent to a 1-inch strip, what quantity of ointment, in grams, should the patient apply per dose?
When selecting a base for a topical semisolid formulation, which factor is MOST critical to consider to ensure optimal drug delivery and therapeutic effect?
When selecting a base for a topical semisolid formulation, which factor is MOST critical to consider to ensure optimal drug delivery and therapeutic effect?
An oleaginous base is chosen for a topical ointment formulation. What inherent characteristic of oleaginous bases presents the GREATEST challenge to patient compliance?
An oleaginous base is chosen for a topical ointment formulation. What inherent characteristic of oleaginous bases presents the GREATEST challenge to patient compliance?
For a drug that is susceptible to hydrolysis, which type of semisolid base would be LEAST suitable due to its composition and potential to exacerbate degradation?
For a drug that is susceptible to hydrolysis, which type of semisolid base would be LEAST suitable due to its composition and potential to exacerbate degradation?
When compounding a topical ointment using an anhydrous absorption base like Aquaphor to incorporate a small volume of an aqueous solution, what is the rationale behind using this type of base?
When compounding a topical ointment using an anhydrous absorption base like Aquaphor to incorporate a small volume of an aqueous solution, what is the rationale behind using this type of base?
A pharmacist is formulating a hydrophilic ointment, categorized as a water-removable base. What is the primary characteristic of this base that distinguishes it from oleaginous bases in terms of patient experience?
A pharmacist is formulating a hydrophilic ointment, categorized as a water-removable base. What is the primary characteristic of this base that distinguishes it from oleaginous bases in terms of patient experience?
Water-soluble bases, such as PEG ointments, offer the advantage of being easily washable and leaving no residue. However, what is a key limitation associated with their use, particularly concerning skin compatibility?
Water-soluble bases, such as PEG ointments, offer the advantage of being easily washable and leaving no residue. However, what is a key limitation associated with their use, particularly concerning skin compatibility?
During the pre-formulation stage of compounding a semisolid dosage form, the pharmacist's primary focus is on solubility and stability. Why are these two factors considered paramount at this stage?
During the pre-formulation stage of compounding a semisolid dosage form, the pharmacist's primary focus is on solubility and stability. Why are these two factors considered paramount at this stage?
Excipients are integral components of semisolid dosage forms. Which of the following BEST describes their primary role in these formulations?
Excipients are integral components of semisolid dosage forms. Which of the following BEST describes their primary role in these formulations?
Stiffening agents, such as waxes, are often incorporated into oleaginous bases in semisolid formulations. What is the MAIN purpose of these agents?
Stiffening agents, such as waxes, are often incorporated into oleaginous bases in semisolid formulations. What is the MAIN purpose of these agents?
When is the inclusion of a preservative MOST critical in a semisolid formulation, particularly concerning product safety and efficacy?
When is the inclusion of a preservative MOST critical in a semisolid formulation, particularly concerning product safety and efficacy?
Ointments are generally preferred for application to dry, scaly lesions. What property of ointments makes them particularly suitable for this skin condition?
Ointments are generally preferred for application to dry, scaly lesions. What property of ointments makes them particularly suitable for this skin condition?
In the incorporation method of ointment preparation, levigation is a crucial step, especially when dealing with solid materials. What is the primary purpose of levigating a solid material before incorporating it into an ointment base?
In the incorporation method of ointment preparation, levigation is a crucial step, especially when dealing with solid materials. What is the primary purpose of levigating a solid material before incorporating it into an ointment base?
During the fusion method of ointment preparation, materials are added in a specific order based on their melting points. Why are materials with the lowest melting points typically added last, during the cooling phase?
During the fusion method of ointment preparation, materials are added in a specific order based on their melting points. Why are materials with the lowest melting points typically added last, during the cooling phase?
Creams are often preferred over ointments for application to moist, weeping lesions. What characteristic of creams makes them more suitable for this type of skin condition?
Creams are often preferred over ointments for application to moist, weeping lesions. What characteristic of creams makes them more suitable for this type of skin condition?
Gels are characterized as semisolid systems where the movement of the dispersing medium is restricted by a network of cross-linked particles or dissolved macromolecules. What is the primary component responsible for this gel structure?
Gels are characterized as semisolid systems where the movement of the dispersing medium is restricted by a network of cross-linked particles or dissolved macromolecules. What is the primary component responsible for this gel structure?
The preparation technique for gels is primarily determined by the characteristics of which component?
The preparation technique for gels is primarily determined by the characteristics of which component?
Suppositories, upon insertion into body orifices, are designed to act in various ways to release medication. What is the MOST common mechanism by which suppositories facilitate drug release?
Suppositories, upon insertion into body orifices, are designed to act in various ways to release medication. What is the MOST common mechanism by which suppositories facilitate drug release?
Suppositories can provide both local and systemic effects. Which of the following is an example of a LOCAL effect that a suppository is typically designed to achieve?
Suppositories can provide both local and systemic effects. Which of the following is an example of a LOCAL effect that a suppository is typically designed to achieve?
What is a key advantage of using suppositories as a drug delivery system compared to oral medications, particularly for patients experiencing certain conditions?
What is a key advantage of using suppositories as a drug delivery system compared to oral medications, particularly for patients experiencing certain conditions?
A desirable property of a suppository base is to remain solid at room temperature but soften, melt, or dissolve at body temperature. Why is this property crucial for effective drug delivery and patient comfort?
A desirable property of a suppository base is to remain solid at room temperature but soften, melt, or dissolve at body temperature. Why is this property crucial for effective drug delivery and patient comfort?
Cocoa butter is a commonly used oleaginous suppository base. Which of the following BEST describes cocoa butter's behavior when used as a suppository base concerning its melting properties?
Cocoa butter is a commonly used oleaginous suppository base. Which of the following BEST describes cocoa butter's behavior when used as a suppository base concerning its melting properties?
Commercial suppository products are sometimes favored over those compounded with cocoa butter, particularly for large-scale manufacturing. What is the primary reason for this preference?
Commercial suppository products are sometimes favored over those compounded with cocoa butter, particularly for large-scale manufacturing. What is the primary reason for this preference?
Glycerinated gelatin suppositories are water-soluble bases that dissolve rather than melt. What is a critical consideration regarding the storage and handling of glycerinated gelatin suppositories due to their hygroscopic nature?
Glycerinated gelatin suppositories are water-soluble bases that dissolve rather than melt. What is a critical consideration regarding the storage and handling of glycerinated gelatin suppositories due to their hygroscopic nature?
When preparing suppositories by hand molding, cocoa butter is generally the base of choice. What property of cocoa butter makes it particularly suitable for hand molding?
When preparing suppositories by hand molding, cocoa butter is generally the base of choice. What property of cocoa butter makes it particularly suitable for hand molding?
When preparing a mold for suppository fusion molding, lubrication is often necessary. What is the MOST important principle to follow when selecting a lubricant for suppository molds?
When preparing a mold for suppository fusion molding, lubrication is often necessary. What is the MOST important principle to follow when selecting a lubricant for suppository molds?
What is the preferred method of preparing the active drug before incorporating it into a suppository base to ensure optimal drug dispersion and efficacy?
What is the preferred method of preparing the active drug before incorporating it into a suppository base to ensure optimal drug dispersion and efficacy?
In the final steps of suppository preparation using fusion molding, after mixing and pouring the molten base and drug into molds, what is the immediate next step before packaging and labeling?
In the final steps of suppository preparation using fusion molding, after mixing and pouring the molten base and drug into molds, what is the immediate next step before packaging and labeling?
Cold compression molding is a method used for suppository preparation. For which type of suppository bases is this method MOST suitable, considering the physical properties required for this technique?
Cold compression molding is a method used for suppository preparation. For which type of suppository bases is this method MOST suitable, considering the physical properties required for this technique?
Troches, or lozenges, are designed for slow dissolution in the oral cavity. What is the MOST significant advantage of this dosage form over traditional tablets or capsules for treating local oral conditions?
Troches, or lozenges, are designed for slow dissolution in the oral cavity. What is the MOST significant advantage of this dosage form over traditional tablets or capsules for treating local oral conditions?
While troches are advantageous for local oral therapy, what is a primary safety concern associated with them, especially in households with young children?
While troches are advantageous for local oral therapy, what is a primary safety concern associated with them, especially in households with young children?
Hard troches, also known as lozenges, are distinct from other types of troches in their formulation and characteristics. What is a key distinguishing characteristic of hard troches compared to soft or chewable troches?
Hard troches, also known as lozenges, are distinct from other types of troches in their formulation and characteristics. What is a key distinguishing characteristic of hard troches compared to soft or chewable troches?
Chewable troches are formulated to enhance palatability and ease of administration, particularly for pediatric patients. What type of base is typically used in chewable troches to achieve this desired texture and taste?
Chewable troches are formulated to enhance palatability and ease of administration, particularly for pediatric patients. What type of base is typically used in chewable troches to achieve this desired texture and taste?
According to general pharmaceutical compounding guidelines, what is the typical BUD (Beyond-Use Date) assigned to water-containing preparations, such as certain creams and lotions, compounded for topical use?
According to general pharmaceutical compounding guidelines, what is the typical BUD (Beyond-Use Date) assigned to water-containing preparations, such as certain creams and lotions, compounded for topical use?
When using the fusion method to create a cream, and the API is known to be heat sensitive, at what point in the process should the API be incorporated into the water and oil mixture to minimize degradation?
When using the fusion method to create a cream, and the API is known to be heat sensitive, at what point in the process should the API be incorporated into the water and oil mixture to minimize degradation?
When levigating a solid material for incorporation into an ointment, the choice of levigating agent is crucial. If you are preparing an ointment with a base in which water is the external phase (e.g., a water-removable cream base), which substance would be MOST appropriate as a levigating agent?
When levigating a solid material for incorporation into an ointment, the choice of levigating agent is crucial. If you are preparing an ointment with a base in which water is the external phase (e.g., a water-removable cream base), which substance would be MOST appropriate as a levigating agent?
The technique used in gel preparation is heavily reliant on the characteristics of the gelling agent. Which property of the gelling agent is the MOST significant determinant of the preparation technique?
The technique used in gel preparation is heavily reliant on the characteristics of the gelling agent. Which property of the gelling agent is the MOST significant determinant of the preparation technique?
Ensuring the desired properties of suppositories made with cocoa butter requires careful control of temperature during preparation. What is the key factor related to temperature control that is MOST critical for maintaining the quality and efficacy of cocoa butter suppositories?
Ensuring the desired properties of suppositories made with cocoa butter requires careful control of temperature during preparation. What is the key factor related to temperature control that is MOST critical for maintaining the quality and efficacy of cocoa butter suppositories?
When preparing Glycerinated Gelatin suppositories, it is advised to make a slight excess of material. What is the primary reason for this practice?
When preparing Glycerinated Gelatin suppositories, it is advised to make a slight excess of material. What is the primary reason for this practice?
When formulating suppositories using cocoa butter as the base, what is the MOST critical consideration regarding its polymorphic nature to ensure product stability and efficacy?
When formulating suppositories using cocoa butter as the base, what is the MOST critical consideration regarding its polymorphic nature to ensure product stability and efficacy?
A pharmacist is developing a topical formulation with an API that exhibits poor penetration through the stratum corneum. Which approach would be MOST effective to enhance drug permeation?
A pharmacist is developing a topical formulation with an API that exhibits poor penetration through the stratum corneum. Which approach would be MOST effective to enhance drug permeation?
A pharmacist is compounding a cream containing an API prone to oxidation. To mitigate degradation, which strategy is MOST appropriate?
A pharmacist is compounding a cream containing an API prone to oxidation. To mitigate degradation, which strategy is MOST appropriate?
During the preparation of hard troches, a pharmacist notices the sugar solution is darkening rapidly and emitting a burnt odor. What is the MOST likely cause, and what corrective action should be taken?
During the preparation of hard troches, a pharmacist notices the sugar solution is darkening rapidly and emitting a burnt odor. What is the MOST likely cause, and what corrective action should be taken?
A pharmacist is preparing suppositories using glycerinated gelatin as the base. Which technique is MOST crucial to ensure the quality and stability of the final product?
A pharmacist is preparing suppositories using glycerinated gelatin as the base. Which technique is MOST crucial to ensure the quality and stability of the final product?
A community pharmacist is asked to compound a topical ointment containing a potent corticosteroid for a patient with eczema. The pharmacist must select an appropriate base to ensure optimal drug delivery and minimize potential side effects. Considering the need for both skin hydration and enhanced drug penetration, which base would be the MOST appropriate?
A community pharmacist is asked to compound a topical ointment containing a potent corticosteroid for a patient with eczema. The pharmacist must select an appropriate base to ensure optimal drug delivery and minimize potential side effects. Considering the need for both skin hydration and enhanced drug penetration, which base would be the MOST appropriate?
Flashcards
Semisolid Dosage Form
Semisolid Dosage Form
A material that conforms to its container at room temperature and easily distorted when force is applied.
Topical Dosage Forms
Topical Dosage Forms
Dosage that delivers the drug into the skin to treat skin disorders.
Transdermal
Transdermal
Dosage that delivers drugs through the skin to reach the general circulation for systemic effects.
Drug Penetration Factors
Drug Penetration Factors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Base Selection Criteria
Base Selection Criteria
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oleaginous Base
Oleaginous Base
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oleaginous Base Features
Oleaginous Base Features
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water-removable base (oil-in-water)
Water-removable base (oil-in-water)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anhydrous Absorption Bases
Anhydrous Absorption Bases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water-Removable Features
Water-Removable Features
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water-Soluble Base Traits
Water-Soluble Base Traits
Signup and view all the flashcards
Levigating Agent
Levigating Agent
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stiffening agents role
Stiffening agents role
Signup and view all the flashcards
If the product contains water...
If the product contains water...
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ointment
Ointment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Incoporating solids into ointments method
Incoporating solids into ointments method
Signup and view all the flashcards
Incorporating Liquids in Ointments
Incorporating Liquids in Ointments
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ointment Fusion Method
Ointment Fusion Method
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cream
Cream
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cream Incorporation Steps
Cream Incorporation Steps
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cream Fusion Method
Cream Fusion Method
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gel
Gel
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gel Gelling Agents
Gel Gelling Agents
Signup and view all the flashcards
Suppository
Suppository
Signup and view all the flashcards
Suppository Advantages
Suppository Advantages
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ideal Suppository Base
Ideal Suppository Base
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oleaginous Suppository Bases
Oleaginous Suppository Bases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cocoa Butter Traits
Cocoa Butter Traits
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water-Soluble Suppository Bases
Water-Soluble Suppository Bases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hand Molding
Hand Molding
Signup and view all the flashcards
Suppository Fusion Molding
Suppository Fusion Molding
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cold Compression Molding
Cold Compression Molding
Signup and view all the flashcards
Preparing Suppository Mold
Preparing Suppository Mold
Signup and view all the flashcards
Preparing Active Drug
Preparing Active Drug
Signup and view all the flashcards
Troche/Lozenge
Troche/Lozenge
Signup and view all the flashcards
Troche Advantages
Troche Advantages
Signup and view all the flashcards
Troche Types
Troche Types
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hard Troche Preparation
Hard Troche Preparation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Soft Troche Preparation
Soft Troche Preparation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chewable Troche
Chewable Troche
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adsorbents
Adsorbents
Signup and view all the flashcards
Antioxidant Role
Antioxidant Role
Signup and view all the flashcards
Binder agents function
Binder agents function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Coatings Role
Coatings Role
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diluents (filler)
Diluents (filler)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Topical dosage
Topical dosage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Skin Penetration Factors
Skin Penetration Factors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Semisolid Base Selection considerations
Semisolid Base Selection considerations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water-removable base
Water-removable base
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of stiffening agents?
What is the role of stiffening agents?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Role of Preservatives
Role of Preservatives
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ointments Incorporation Method
Ointments Incorporation Method
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ointment Preparation
Ointment Preparation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cream Preparation
Cream Preparation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fusion Method
Fusion Method
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gel Base Ingredients
Gel Base Ingredients
Signup and view all the flashcards
Suppositories Advantages
Suppositories Advantages
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ideal Suppository
Ideal Suppository
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cocoa Butter
Cocoa Butter
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hand Molding Prep
Hand Molding Prep
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fusion Molding
Fusion Molding
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cold Compression
Cold Compression
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prepping a Suppository Mold
Prepping a Suppository Mold
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prepare suppository for action
Prepare suppository for action
Signup and view all the flashcards
Troches
Troches
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hard Roche
Hard Roche
Signup and view all the flashcards
Soft Troche
Soft Troche
Signup and view all the flashcards
Antioxidants
Antioxidants
Signup and view all the flashcards
Binders
Binders
Signup and view all the flashcards
Coatings Purpose
Coatings Purpose
Signup and view all the flashcards
Filler
Filler
Signup and view all the flashcards
Topical Dosage Forms Objectives
Topical Dosage Forms Objectives
Signup and view all the flashcards
Semisolid Drug Penetration
Semisolid Drug Penetration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prescriber's Role in Base Selection
Prescriber's Role in Base Selection
Signup and view all the flashcards
Occlusive Properties
Occlusive Properties
Signup and view all the flashcards
Yellow Petrolatum
Yellow Petrolatum
Signup and view all the flashcards
Aquaphor Absorption Capacity
Aquaphor Absorption Capacity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lotion Formation
Lotion Formation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water-Soluble Base Use
Water-Soluble Base Use
Signup and view all the flashcards
Drug Particle Size for Semisolids
Drug Particle Size for Semisolids
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ointments: Key Properties
Ointments: Key Properties
Signup and view all the flashcards
Solvent's Capacity Consideration
Solvent's Capacity Consideration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lowest Melt Points
Lowest Melt Points
Signup and view all the flashcards
Burn Cream Application
Burn Cream Application
Signup and view all the flashcards
Heat Sensitivity
Heat Sensitivity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gels: Ideal Drug
Gels: Ideal Drug
Signup and view all the flashcards
Suppository Definition
Suppository Definition
Signup and view all the flashcards
Polymorphic Forms
Polymorphic Forms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water-soluble Base Storage
Water-soluble Base Storage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hand-Molding Active Mix
Hand-Molding Active Mix
Signup and view all the flashcards
Wetting Agent Choices
Wetting Agent Choices
Signup and view all the flashcards
Troches Description
Troches Description
Signup and view all the flashcards
Troches Formula
Troches Formula
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adsorbents Role
Adsorbents Role
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diluents
Diluents
Signup and view all the flashcards
The amount of pressure applied
The amount of pressure applied
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oleaginous bases (Hydrocarbon bases) Advantages
Oleaginous bases (Hydrocarbon bases) Advantages
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oleaginous bases Disadvantages
Oleaginous bases Disadvantages
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anhydrous absorption bases Advantages
Anhydrous absorption bases Advantages
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anhydrous absorption bases Disadvantages
Anhydrous absorption bases Disadvantages
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water-removable bases Advantages
Water-removable bases Advantages
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water-soluble bases Advantages
Water-soluble bases Advantages
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water-soluble bases Disadvantages
Water-soluble bases Disadvantages
Signup and view all the flashcards
Semisolids, volume of drug that penetrates the skin is determined by
Semisolids, volume of drug that penetrates the skin is determined by
Signup and view all the flashcards
Design formulation fundamentals
Design formulation fundamentals
Signup and view all the flashcards
Excipients role
Excipients role
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stiffening agents
Stiffening agents
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ointment Qualities
Ointment Qualities
Signup and view all the flashcards
Incorporation of liquids
Incorporation of liquids
Signup and view all the flashcards
Qualities for creams
Qualities for creams
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gelling Agents
Gelling Agents
Signup and view all the flashcards
Semisolid Volume Penetration
Semisolid Volume Penetration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Application Area Size
Application Area Size
Signup and view all the flashcards
Skin Hydration Effect
Skin Hydration Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dosage Form Application
Dosage Form Application
Signup and view all the flashcards
Heat and Absorption.
Heat and Absorption.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Base Selection
Base Selection
Signup and view all the flashcards
White Petrolatum
White Petrolatum
Signup and view all the flashcards
White Ointment
White Ointment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Aquaphor Absorption
Aquaphor Absorption
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water-Removable Dilution
Water-Removable Dilution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cream Base Example
Cream Base Example
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water-Soluble Base
Water-Soluble Base
Signup and view all the flashcards
Humectants
Humectants
Signup and view all the flashcards
Absorption Enhancers Role
Absorption Enhancers Role
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ointment Application
Ointment Application
Signup and view all the flashcards
Emollient Properties
Emollient Properties
Signup and view all the flashcards
Levigating Oil
Levigating Oil
Signup and view all the flashcards
Levigating Glycerin
Levigating Glycerin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Geometric Proportions
Geometric Proportions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lowest Melting Points
Lowest Melting Points
Signup and view all the flashcards
Burn Cream Gentle Touch
Burn Cream Gentle Touch
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gel Opportunity
Gel Opportunity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Local Action
Local Action
Signup and view all the flashcards
Suppository Benefits
Suppository Benefits
Signup and view all the flashcards
Suppository base
Suppository base
Signup and view all the flashcards
Wetting Property
Wetting Property
Signup and view all the flashcards
Coloring Agents
Coloring Agents
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Semisolid Dosage Forms
- Material that conforms to its container at room temperature.
- It easily distorts when force is applied, assuming a new shape after the force is removed.
- Topical dosage forms deliver drugs into the skin for treating skin disorders.
- They protect injured areas from the environment and permit the skin to heal.
- They provide the skin with hydration or produce an emollient effect.
- They convey a medication to the skin for a specific effect.
- Transdermal forms deliver drugs through the skin into the general circulation for systemic effects.
- Types of Semisolid Dosage Forms include:
- Ointments
- Creams
- Gels
- Lotions
- Pastes
- Plasters
- Sticks
- Glycerogelatins
Factors Affecting Drug Penetration
- Volume of drug that penetrates the skin via semisolids is determined by:
- The amount of pressure applied and the vigor with which the semisolid is rubbed.
- The surface area covered, where a larger area of application leads to a greater quantity of drug absorbed.
- Skin condition, where hydration generally favors percutaneous absorption, and greater absorption occurs with thin layers.
- The base that is used
- Occlusive dressings
- Generally, longer contact between the medicated application and the skin increases total drug absorption.
- Heat-induced vasodilation enhances the absorption of drugs.
Nitro-Bid Ointment
- 1 gram is equivalent to approximately 1 inch when squeezed from the tube.
- It is essential to be cautious with the dose due to the product’s potency.
Selection of a Base
- Things to consider:
- Topical or systemic application preference
- Drug stability
- Desired release rate
- Surface characteristics where it will be applied
- Need for occlusion or ease of removal
- Prescribers may specify the base.
Oleaginous Bases (Hydrocarbon Bases)
- Also known as ointment bases
- Advantages:
- Inexpensive and non-irritating.
- Good emollient and protective with occlusive properties to smooth and soften the skin.
- Not water-washable
- Disadvantages:
- Poor patient acceptance because of its greasy nature
- Not easily removed with washing, possibly requiring a detergent.
- Cannot absorb water and absorbs only limited quantities of alcoholic solutions.
- Types:
- Yellow petrolatum contains impurities (e.g., Vaseline).
- White petrolatum has had the impurities removed.
- White ointment contains white petrolatum with beeswax added.
Absorption Bases
- Anhydrous Absorption Bases: hydrocarbon bases containing an emulsifier that forms water-in-oil emulsions when water or aqueous solution is added.
- Aquaphor absorbs an equal volume of water i.e. a 1:1 ratio
- Water-in-Oil Emulsions: absorption bases containing water, with the amount depending on the base.
- Advantages:
- Moderately good protective occlusive, and emollient properties.
- Aqueous solutions can incorporate into an oleaginous base.
- Does not wash off easily because the external phase is oleaginous.
- Capable of absorbing liquids.
- Disadvantages:
- Greasy nature causing poor patient acceptance.
- Sticky nature and unpleasant smell in some lanolin types.
- Not easily removed with washing.
- Bases containing wool wax may be sensitizing.
- Potential chemical stability problems with ingredients sensitive to hydrolysis, and subject to microbial growth.
- Water in preparation has a BUD of 14 days
Water-Removable Bases
- Also known as Oil-in-water emulsions.
- Advantages:
- Non-greasy and washable from skin.
- Capable of absorbing some water or alcohol, and enables dissipation of fluids from injured skin.
- Disadvantages:
- Less protective and occlusive
- Less emollient
- Chemical stability problems with hydrolysis-sensitive ingredients.
- Subject to Microbial growth
- Possible evaporation of water which may cause a "dry out" effect.
- Hydrophilic ointment is a cream base.
- Vanishing cream is an example.
Water-Soluble Bases
- Advantages:
- Leaves no oil residue, is soluble in water making them easily removed by washing.
- Can absorb some water and alcohol and is used in the incorporation of solid substances.
- Disadvantages:
- Irritating, and they have little to no emollient properties.
- Compatibility and chemical stability problems with PEG type bases.
- Subject to microbial growth
Properties Comparison of Semisolid Bases
- Oleaginous Base (Hydrocarbons):
- Hydrophobic compounds
- Anhydrous
- Low affinity for water
- Difficult to spread
- Not washable
- Greasy, solids, or oils
- Mineral oil levigating agent
- Occlusive
- Examples include white petrolatum, white ointment, and yellow petrolatum
- Absorption Base (Hydrocarbon base + wlo surfactant):
- Hydrophobic compounds
- W/O surfactants
- Anhydrous
- Low affinity for water
- Difficult to spread
- Not washable
- Greasy, solids, oils, small amounts of aqueous solutions
- Mineral oil
- Low HLB surfactant
- Occlusive
- Examples include Aquabase, Aquaphor, and hydrophilic petrolatum
- W/O Base (Hydrocarbon base + <45% w/w water+ who surfactant with HLB < 8):
- Hydrophobic compounds
- W/O surfactants and water
- Moderate affinity for water
- Moderate to spread
- Moderate greasiness
- Moderate occlusiveness
- Examples include eucerin, hydrocream, and Nivea
- Oil/water Base (Water-removable base):
- Hydrophobic compounds + water + o/w surfactant
- Hydrous water content.
- High affinity for water
- Easy spreadability
- Washable
- Not greasy
- Solids and aqueous solutions
- Glycerin with a high HLB surfactant
- Non-occlusive
- E.g., Hydrophilic ointment, Vanishing cream, Dermabase
- Water-Soluble Base:
- Polyethylene Glycols (PEG)
- Hydrous
- High affinity for water
- Easy spreadability - Washable
- Non-greasy
- Solids and aqueous solutions Drug Incorporation
- Glycerin
- Propylene glycol Levigating Agent
- Non-occlusive - PEG ointment, Polybase Examples
- Hydrophilic Base (Gels):
- Methylcellulose or carbomer dispersion
- Water content > 95%
- High affinity for water
- Easy spreadability
- Washable
- Not greasy.
- Solids and aqueous solutions
- Glycerin with a high HLB surfactant
- Non-occlusive
- Examples include Methylcellulose and Carbomer gels.
Compounding Approach
- Focuses on pre-formulation, which examines drug properties.
- Solubility and stability are key when regarding drug properties.
- Check reference books for formulations with stability
- Commercial products can be used as reference.
- Design formulation fundamentals with bioavailability, stability, compliance, and marketing.
Dosage Form Fundamentals
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) is the active drug and the reason to take the dosage form.
- Excipients support absorption, stability, or other dosage form objectives and can be needed for manufacturing.
- Packaging protects the integrity of the dosage form from stability issues or adverse effects.
- Administration devices are the materials and equipment needed for drug administration.
Semisolid Compounding Considerations
- Commonly compounded include:
- Ointments
- Creams
- Lotions
- Gels
- Selection of base, excipients, calculations, and chosen technique.
Semisolid Excipients
- Stiffening agents include waxes with high melting points that blend into oleaginous bases to enhance viscosity.
- Incorporation into dosage forms usually involves heat use.
- Chapstick and medicated sticks are stiffening agents.
- Emulsifying agents
- Humectants will decrease the evaporation rate of water from the preparation.
- Preservatives are normally needed is the product contains water.
- Absorption (penetration) enhancers can facilitate drug absorption through the skin.
- Not required to be sterile except for ophthalmic preps
Ointments
- Semisolid preparations are intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes.
- May be medicated or not.
- Should soften or melt at body temperature and spread easily, avoiding a gritty texture.
- Generally used on dry, scaly lesions where emollient properties aid in rehydration of the skin.
- Prepared through incorporation and fusion methods.
Ointment Preparation: Incorporation of Solids
- Reduce the particle size of a crystalline material.
- Levigate the solid material using mineral oil for bases that have oils as the external base, or glycerin if water is present within.
- After levigation, incorporate the dispersion to the ointment base by spatulation in geometric proportions.
Ointment Preparation: Incorporation of Liquids
- Solids soluble in a common solvent
- Do not affect the drug's stability or efficacy, and the solvent solution should be added to the ointment base
- Consider the ointment base's capacity to accept the volume required
- Only incorporate small amount in oleaginous ointment.
- Hydrophilic bases need to readily accept aqueous solutions.
- All bases have their limits to retain liquids.
- Adding an aqueous preparation to a hydrophobic base.
- First incorporate solution into a minimal amount of hydrophilic base, then mix with the hydrophobic base
Ointment Preparation: Fusion Method
- Melts some or all components of the ointment together and cools with constant stirring until congealed.
- Can be done in a glass beaker or porcelain evaporating dish.
- Materials with the highest melting points are heated to the required temperature of the melt.
- Materials with lower melting points are added during the cooling of the melt.
- Materials with the lowest melting point or liquid are added last.
Creams
- Semisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed in either W/O emulsion or an OlW emulsion.
- Relatively soft and easy to spread and remove.
- Opaque, soft solids, or thick liquids for external application, and generally applied to moist, weeping lesions. Creams for burns do not have to be scrubbed off, so no additional trauma to the skin.
Cream Preparation
- Incorporate into an existing cream or base
- Triturate drug in a mortar and pestle into a fine powder.
- Remove the drug from the mortar and pestle with a rubber spatula.
- On an ointment slab: levigate the drug into the base in geometric proportions using a metal spatula.
- Fusion Method Separation:
- Separate the formula components into two portions - oil soluble and water soluble.
- Heat both phases to a temperature that is above the highest melting component
- Mix phases by adding the aqueous phase to the oil phase.
- An API that is not heat-sensitive or volatile and is soluble can be added either at the beginning or last, when the mixture is almost congealed, or by levigating on an ointment slab.
Gels
- Semisolid systems of small or large molecules dispersed in an water liquid vehicle by adding a gelling agent.
- Androgel has poor oral bioavailability, but can be a gel.
- Gelling agents: synthetic macromolecules (carbomers), cellulose derivatives (methylcellulose), natural gums (tragacanth)
- Types:
- Single phase gels: Uniform distribution of liquid and gelling agent.
- Two phase gels: Floccules of small distinct particles.
- Example: milk of magnesia.
- Preparation characteristics:
- Gelling agent determines preparation
- Dispersing API in continuous phase.
Suppositories
- Solid dosage form where APIs are dispersed in a suitable base and molded or otherwise formed into a shape which is inserted into body orifices such as rectal, vaginal, or urethral where it melts, softens, or dissolves.
- Local Action:
- The base melts, softens, or dissolves to distribute medications to the tissues of the targeted region.
- Intended for retention within the cavity for local effects such as constipation relief, pain/irritation/inflammation relief, contraception, anti-infectives, and local anesthetic.
- Systemic Action
- Mucous membranes permit drug absorption which helps nausea and vomiting, and analgesics.
Suppositories: Advantages
- Alternative route of administration when the oral route is inadvisable.
- Useful for drugs that may irritate oral, GI mucosa, or have unpleasant taste/smell.
- Patient unconscious.
- Avoids nausea and vomiting.
- Avoids the first-pass effect and breakdown of certain drugs susceptible to gastric degradation.
- Delivers higher doses than using the oral administration.
- Less expensive than parenteral.
Suppository Bases: Desirable Properties
- Remains solid at room temperature and softens, melts, or dissolves readily at body temperature.
- Chemically and physically stable under normal conditions of use and storage.
- Non-reactive and compatible with a wide variety of drugs and auxiliary agents.
- Non-irritating
- Mixes with or absorbs some water
Suppository Bases: Categories:
- Oleaginous
- Water-soluble
- Oleaginous (Fatty) Base - Most frequently used:
- cocoa butter is a yellowish solid with a mild order
- Non-irritating
- Excellent emollient
- Used for hand-molding
- Readily available.
- Low melting point - so store at controlled room temperature or refrigerate.
- Exists in many polymorphic forms.
- Easily/quickly overheats, then solidifies at a lower melting point of polymorph.
- Hydrogenated vegetable oils (palm, palm kernel, coconut oils)
- easier to work with than cocoa butter because they do not exist in polymorphic forms -Fattibase -Witepsol -Fattyblend
- Water-soluble: -Glycerinated Gelatin: soft, rubbery consistency and dissolves.
- slower to soften and mix with physiologic fluids. -tendency to absorb moisture so it needs to be protected from atmospheric moisture.
- Polyethylene Glycol (PEG):
- composed of blends of various molecular weight PEG polymers
- PEG 300, 400, 600, 1000, 1500, 1540, 3350, 4000, 6000, 8000
- does not melt at body temperature but rather dissolves in the body's fluids which allows for slower release of medication from the base Convenient storage Convenient use Incompatible with many drugs (prone to oxidation) Can be irritating to body cavity tissues
Suppository Preparation
- Hand molding generally uses cocoa butter
- Grate cocoa butter and add the active ingredient.
- Mix the ingredients thoroughly.
- Press the mixture together until it re-solidifies and shape the mixture into a long cylinder.
- Cut into the desired lengths, round the tips and then package, and label.
- Fusion molding requires you to calibrate the mold.
- Obtain and melt sufficient suppository base to fill 6 to 12 molds.
- Pour the base into the molds, cool, and trim.
- Remove the suppositories and weigh and divide the total weight by the number of suppositories prepared to obtain the average weight of each suppository for this particular base.
- Preparing the mold:
- Ensure the mold is clean and dry.
- Lubricate in terms of solubility: water soluble bases require mineral oil and oil-soluble bases need glycerin or propylene glycol lubricant.
- Add minimal lubricant so it doesn't pool and produce misshapen suppositories.
- Preparing the base:
- At lowest possible heat, melt the base in a porcelain dish over water bath.
Suppository Preparation: Preparing the Active Drug:
Triturate drug to a uniform, small particle size.
- Either mixed directly into the base or wetted before incorporation as preference
- Levigate with a wetting agent for both Oil and water-soluble bases.
- Mixing, Pouring, Finishing Ensure ingredients are mixed uniformly when added and use a stirring rod to mix the drug to the base.
- Pour into the mold and ensure glycerinated gelatin will set quickly or else it will pour quickly. Slight excess of material build-up may be allowed. Allow the suppositories to set; any material can be removed Remove suppositories from the mold, package, and label.
- Cold Compression Molding
- For bases that can be formed in the suppositories
- Weight and the density factor of each mold is needed.
- Amount is need to fill
- Base is grated, drug, cold mold prepared.
Troches
- Various-shaped solid dosage forms usually containing a medicinal agent & flavoring substance.
- Intended to be dissolved slowly in the oral cavity for localized or systemic effect.
- Advantages:
- Easy to administer
- Extends the time a drug remains in the oral cavity
- Disadvantage:
- Can be mistaken for candy
- Hard troches:
- lozenges and drops in mixture of sugar
- Smooth surface texture or pleasant flavor
- High temperature required for preparation
- Soft troches:
- pastilles in mixture various PEGs, acacia or other
- Either be slow or be chewed
- pastilles in mixture various PEGs, acacia or other
- Chewable troches:
- formulation gelatin
- High flavored
Troches Preperation
- Hard troches:
- formulation may contain drug, sugar, corn syrup, and water
- drug is dissolved
- Amorphous mass transfered and a mold filled
- Soft troches:
- formulation may contain drug, sugar, wax, and PEGs
- binders / gummies and flavoring/ coloring agents
- Chewable Troches
- formulation may contain drug, sugar, corn syrup, and water
- Other ingredients may inlcude gums, binders, flavoring and coloring
Dosage Form Fundamentals, Excipients
- Adsorbents: keep powders dry
- Examples: Magnesium oxide/carbonate
- Antioxidants: Prevents oxidation
- Examples: Ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate
- Binders: Adhesive properties which is intended to hold
- Example: Acacia and syrup
- Color agents: Color the compounded product
- Examples: FD&C Red and Yellow
- Diluents: Add size to very small dosage
- Starch, Calcium, Lactose
- Lubricants: prevents or assists in sticking to the equipment
- PEG and minerals.
- Preservative: prevent growth and other pathogens
- sodium benzoate, benzoc acid, benzalkonium chloride, cetypyridium.
- Disintegrant: Causes tablet to swell and burst.
- Alginic acid, polacrilin potassium
- cellulose products
- starches
- Enteric coating: Protective layer and prevention of dissolution in the stomach.
- Shellac
- Flavoring agent, sweetener:
-Masks bitter flavors, gives sweetness to a preparation.
- Syrups and lactos
- Humectant: -Prevents preparations from becoming brittle -Glycerin, Sorbitol
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Semisolid dosage forms are topical treatments that can deliver drugs to the skin, protecting injured areas and helping them heal. Drugs can be delivered into the skin to treat skin disorders or through the skin for systemic effects. Types of Semisolid Dosage Forms include ointments, creams, gels, lotions, and pastes.
