Pharmaceutical Ointments and Pastes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the presented material?

  • Medical device manufacturing
  • Surgical procedures
  • Pharmaceutical ointments and pastes (correct)
  • Genetic engineering

    • The presenter holds a PhD in Chemistry.

    False (B)

    What is the academic background of Deina Elraiah Mohamed El Hassan?

    Master degree of Pharmaceutical Technology and PhD holder of Pharmaceutical Technology

    Deina Elraiah Mohamed El Hassan received her Master's degree from the University of ______.

    <p>Gezira</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the presented information with the associated category:

    <p>Pharmaceutical = type of products Gezira = university PhD = type of degree Elraiah Mohamed El Hassan = presenter's name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of emulsion is Oily Cream BP?

    <p>Water in oil emulsion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Absorption bases are commonly used as vehicles for commercial drug products.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of Oily Cream BP (Hydrous Ointment BP)

    <p>wool alcohols and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oily Cream BP is composed of 50% w/w ______ and 50% w/w water.

    <p>wool alcohols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match these terms to their description in the provided text:

    <p>Oily Cream BP = A water in oil emulsion ointment base Wool alcohols = One of two main components in Oily Cream BP Hydrous = Containing water Anhydrous = Without water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances is lanolin typically mixed with to create an ointment base?

    <p>Vegetable oils or paraffins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lanolin is used in ointments at concentrations between 20% and 30% w/w.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of lanolin concentrations used in ointments?

    <p>5 to 10% w/w</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Simple Ointment BP uses lanolin concentrations that range from 5 to 10% ______.

    <p>w/w</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the items with their usage:

    <p>Lanolin = Ointment base Vegetable oils = Ointment base component Paraffins = Ointment base component Simple Ointment BP = Example ointment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of water-miscible/removable bases?

    <p>They can be washed off with water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water-miscible bases are anhydrous.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of emulsifying agent is present in water-miscible bases?

    <p>oil in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water-miscible bases contain enough ________ to make them miscible with water.

    <p>emulsifying agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their description

    <p>Anhydrous = Contains no water Water-miscible = Can be mixed with water Emulsifying agent = Helps to mix oil and water Topical Application = Applied to the surface of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of water-soluble bases?

    <p>Their inability to incorporate large volumes of aqueous solutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water-soluble bases are ideal for mixtures containing large volumes of aqueous solutions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For what type of therapeutic agents are water-soluble bases typically used instead of large aqueous solutions?

    <p>solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water-soluble bases are typically reserved for incorporating ________ therapeutic agents.

    <p>solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the base type with its usage:

    <p>water-soluble bases = incorporating solid therapeutic agents bases suitable for large aqueous solutions = not mentioned in provided text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of emulsifying wax are mentioned?

    <p>Three (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cationic emulsifying wax is not a type of emulsifying wax.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of emulsifying wax mentioned in the text.

    <p>anionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anionic, non-ionic, and _______ are the three types of emulsifying wax mentioned.

    <p>cationic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the emulsifying wax types with their descriptions:

    <p>anionic = Negatively charged non-ionic = No charge cationic = Positively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmaceutical Ointments and Pastes

    • Pharmaceutical ointments are greasy or oily semisolid systems applied externally, primarily to the skin and mucous membranes (e.g., rectum, vagina, eyes).
    • Medicated ointments treat infections and inflammation.
    • Non-medicated ointments are used for their emollient/lubricating properties.

    Pharmaceutical Pastes

    • Pastes are semisolid dosage forms with a high proportion of solid components.

    • Pastes are thicker and stiffer than ointments.

    • Pastes are made from fatty bases (e.g., petrolatum, hydrophilic petrolatum) or aqueous gels (e.g., celluloses).

    • They may contain one or more drug substances for topical application.

    • Pastes are well absorbed by the skin and are easily removed from the skin.

    • Pastes containing hydrophobic components are water-impermeable and prevent dehydration.

    • Common examples of pastes include toothpaste and zinc oxide paste.

    • Toothpaste contains an abrasive solid for cleaning and sometimes a fluoride salt.

    • Pharmaceutical pastes are often composed of ointment bases with a high concentration (often >50% w/w) of dispersed drug.

    • Viscosity of pharmaceutical pastes is higher than that of ointments.

    Ointment Types

    • Dermatological ointments
    • Ophthalmic ointments
    • Rectal ointments
    • Vaginal ointments
    • Nasal ointments

    Ointment and Paste Bases

    • Hydrocarbon/oleaginous bases

      • Formulations are non-aqueous, based on various paraffins.
      • Properties: emollient (restricting water loss), excellent retention on the skin, predominantly hydrophobic (difficult to remove from the skin), low water content (<5%), chemically inert, and provide optimum stability for medications (e.g., antibiotics)
      • Common components: hard paraffin, white/yellow soft paraffin, liquid paraffin (mineral oil), microcrystalline wax

    • Absorption bases

      • Can contain significant amounts of an aqueous phase
      • Can be non-aqueous formulations with added aqueous phase (water in oil emulsion; non-emulsified bases) or water in oil emulsions to facilitate the incorporation of the aqueous phase.
      • May contain a larger volume of aqueous phase than hydrophobic bases but are still difficult to remove by washing. Composed typically by one or more paraffins, and sterol-based emulsifying agent (lanolin, lanolin alcohols, bees wax).

    • Water-miscible/removable (emulsifying) bases

      • Contain sufficient emulsifying agent (oil in water) that allows them to be miscible with water.
      • These bases are easily washable, not occlusive, and can contain large volumes of water (aqueous solutions of drug).
      • Common bases in this category described by the British Pharmacopoeia include emulsifying ointment, cetrimide emulsifying ointment, and cetomacrogol emulsifying ointment. They comprise liquid paraffin, white soft paraffin, and anionic, cationic, or non-ionic emulsifying wax.

    • Water-soluble bases

      • Composed entirely of water-soluble ingredients (e.g., polyethylene glycol).
      • Non-greasy, easily removed via washing, miscible with exudates, compatible with many therapeutic agents.
      • Prepared using mixtures of polyethylene glycols of varying molecular weights to achieve the required consistency (lower weights are liquids and higher weights are waxy solids)
      • Disadvantage: cannot incorporate large volumes of aqueous solutions.

    Other Excipients

    • Additional/alternative solvents (e.g., liquid silicone, vegetable oils, organic esters)
    • Preservatives
    • Antioxidants (lipophilic and hydrophilic types)

    Selection of Bases

    • Ointment base selection factors include desired release rate, occlusion advisability, short-term or long-term stability, drug interaction with base consistency, patient factors (e.g., dry or weeping skin).

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    Pharmaceutical Ointments and Pastes Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the characteristics and uses of pharmaceutical ointments and pastes in this quiz. Learn about their composition, applications, and key differences. Test your knowledge on medicated versus non-medicated formulations and the significance of various ingredients.

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