Pharmaceutical Preparations Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between creams and ointments?

  • Creams are oil-based, while ointments are water-based.
  • Creams are more viscous than ointments.
  • Creams are more easily absorbed by the skin than ointments.
  • Creams are water-based, while ointments are oil-based. (correct)

    • Which type of cream preparation is considered ideal for application on oozing wounds?

  • Both types of creams are suitable.
  • Oily creams (W/O)
  • Aqueous creams (O/W) (correct)
  • Neither type of cream is suitable.

    • What is the main characteristic that distinguishes pastes from creams and ointments?

  • Pastes are typically used for oral administration.
  • Pastes are more viscous than creams and ointments.
  • Pastes contain a higher percentage of solids. (correct)
  • Pastes contain a higher percentage of water.

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of pastes?

    <p>They are highly water-soluble. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of paste is tragacanth jelly classified as?

    <p>Non-greasy paste (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common use of a paste?

    <p>Sun protection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a pharmaceutical manufacturer develop a drug in both ointment and cream formulations?

    <p>To satisfy the preferences of patients and physicians. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE about the preparation of pastes?

    <p>Solids are incorporated into a semi-solid base. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of semisolid dosage forms?

    <p>They serve as carriers for drugs applied topically. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dosage form is primarily used for localized therapeutic effects?

    <p>Semisolids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major advantage of semisolid dosage forms?

    <p>They avoid first-pass metabolism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of actions can semisolid dosage forms provide?

    <p>Local protective or therapeutic action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body surfaces are suitable for the application of semisolid dosage forms?

    <p>The skin and mucous membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be considered when selecting containers for creams, ointments, and pastes?

    <p>Appropriateness for the formulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the challenges associated with drug termination when using semisolid dosage forms?

    <p>Drug termination can be problematic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a characteristic of ointments?

    <p>They can be greasy and occlusive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of ointments as a protective barrier?

    <p>To serve as a physical barrier to the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of ointments?

    <p>Medicated and non medicated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ointment penetrates the skin the least?

    <p>Epidermic ointment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a class of ointment bases?

    <p>Suspension bases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor in choosing an ointment base?

    <p>The desired action and drug characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the trituration method involve?

    <p>Mechanical incorporation using a mortar or glass slab (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is essential in the composition of semi-solid dosage forms?

    <p>Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is typically used for the preparation of creams and ointments?

    <p>Fusion method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key disadvantage of semi-solid dosage forms?

    <p>They can be bulky and difficult to handle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of creams?

    <p>Opaque and viscous. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is NOT ideal for semi-solid dosage forms?

    <p>Greasy and staining. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary use of ointments?

    <p>For external application. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pastes are characterized by which of the following?

    <p>High concentration of insoluble powders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of applying semi-solid dosage forms with fingers?

    <p>May lead to contamination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT commonly found in creams?

    <p>High concentrations of alcohol. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true of ointments compared to creams?

    <p>Ointments have more than 50% hydrocarbons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common topical preservative?

    <p>Ammonium hydroxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential storage condition for ointments?

    <p>Keep tightly closed in a cool place (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which packaging method is commonly used for filling tubes with semisolids?

    <p>Pressure-fill technique (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of container is recommended for light-sensitive topical preparations?

    <p>Opaque or light-resistant containers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step should be taken before applying topical medication?

    <p>Cleanse the area with soap and water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do ointments usually need to protect against temperature changes?

    <p>Crystallization of the drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is counseling important for patients using topical dosage forms?

    <p>To ensure maximum therapeutic benefit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended method for packing semisolids in jars?

    <p>Using a flexible spatula to avoid air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a levigating agent when preparing ointments?

    <p>To facilitate the mixing of insoluble powders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using the fusion method in the preparation of o/w creams?

    <p>To create a homogenous mixture at high temperatures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to determine the melting points of the fatty bases when preparing an ointment?

    <p>To avoid heating the base above the highest melting point (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should powdered medicaments be incorporated into an ointment base?

    <p>After the base congeals using the base as a levigating agent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consideration when preparing semisolids that contain water?

    <p>They can support microbial growth more effectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is suggested for preventing microbial contamination in semisolids?

    <p>Using a chemical antimicrobial preservative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When preparing an emulsion, what should be done with air pockets to ensure a smooth mixture?

    <p>Air pockets should be avoided by making a well in the center when adding liquids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk associated with microbial contamination in topical products?

    <p>Introducing an unpleasant odor or color change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cream

    Semisolid preparations with medicinal agents in emulsions.

    Types of Creams

    Aqueous and oily creams, distinguished by their emulsions.

    Aqueous Cream

    An oil-in-water emulsion that is non-greasy and rinseable.

    Oily Cream

    A water-in-oil emulsion that is greasier and more occlusive.

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    Paste

    Semisolid preparations with 20%-50% solids, used as coatings.

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    Types of Paste

    Includes fatty pastes and non-greasy pastes.

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    Function of Paste

    Forms a protective barrier; absorbs noxious chemicals.

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    Comparison with Ointments

    Pastes are less penetrating and greasy than ointments.

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    Ointment

    A greasy semisolid preparation for topical use, usually thicker than cream.

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    Semisolid dosage forms

    Forms intended for topical application to deliver drugs locally.

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    Local action

    The effect of a drug limited to the site of application.

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    First Pass Metabolism

    The process where the concentration of a drug is reduced before it reaches systemic circulation.

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    Applications of semisolids

    Used in various mucous membranes for topical drug delivery.

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    Compounding

    The process of preparing personalized medications for patients.

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    Topical preservatives

    Substances used to prevent microbial contamination in semisolids.

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    Packaging for semisolids

    Typically done using jars or tubes to prevent air and contamination.

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    Proper storage conditions

    Cool, dark, and moisture-free environments to prevent product degradation.

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    Significance of labeling

    Essential for indicating product use, base type, and storage instructions.

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    Jar packaging technique

    Using a flexible spatula to pack semisolid products without trapping air.

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    Tube packaging technique

    Filling tubes with semisolids via pressure from the open back end.

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    Ointment storage

    Store in tightly closed, cool containers to prevent separation or crystallization.

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    Cleansing before application

    Wash the affected area and surrounding skin before applying the topical.

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    Medicated Ointments

    Ointments containing active ingredients meant for therapeutic effects.

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    Non-Medicated Ointments

    Ointments without active drugs, used for physical effects like protection.

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    Types of Ointments

    Classified as medicated or non-medicated based on content and use.

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    Ointment Bases

    Various substances used as the foundation for ointments to affect delivery.

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    Desirable Properties of Ointment Bases

    Factors like penetration, stability and patient acceptability are important.

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    Methods of Preparation

    Techniques used to create ointments include trituration, emulsification and fusion.

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    Trituration Method

    Mechanical process to combine ingredients in a mortar or slab for ointment making.

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    Disadvantages of Semi-Solid Dosage Forms

    Semi-solid dosage forms can be bulky, less stable, and prone to contamination.

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    Ideal Properties of Semi-Solid Forms

    Semi-solid dosage forms should have smooth texture, low sensitization, and efficient drug release.

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    Topical Application

    Topical application refers to using creams, ointments, or pastes on the skin or mucous membranes.

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    Uses of Creams

    Creams are primarily used in topical skin products and for rectal or vaginal applications.

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    Applications of Pastes

    Pastes are used for applications that require thick consistency, often on the skin or in cavities.

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    Insoluble Powder

    A powder that does not dissolve in liquid and may require special methods for incorporation into ointments.

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    Levigating Agent

    A substance that helps to reduce the particle size of powders by mixing with them, commonly oil or glycerin.

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    Geometric Dilution

    A method of mixing in which small amounts of ingredient are gradually added to a larger volume to ensure uniform distribution.

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    Fusion Method

    A technique for preparing ointments by melting components together at high temperatures and cooling them to form a semisolid.

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    Microbial Contamination

    The presence of harmful microorganisms that can spoil semisolids containing water.

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    Antimicrobial Preservative

    A chemical added to products to prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life.

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    Consistency Changes

    Alterations in the texture or composition of a product due to microbial activity.

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    Sterile Preparation

    A method involving careful techniques to eliminate all microorganisms from a product.

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    Study Notes

    Dosage Form Design 2: Cream, Paste & Ointment

    • Creams, pastes, and ointments are semi-solid dosage forms.
    • They function as carriers for topically applied drugs.
    • They deliver drugs to the skin, cornea, rectal tissue, nasal mucosa, vagina, buccal tissue, and external ear lining.
    • Semisolids adhere to the application site for extended periods, enhancing drug delivery.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Students should be able to differentiate between creams, ointments, and pastes.
    • Students should be able to prepare creams, ointments, and pastes.
    • Students should be able to select appropriate containers for these dosage forms.
    • Students should be able to prepare suitable labels for creams, ointments, and pastes.

    Semi-Solid Dosage Form

    • Semisolids are a significant portion of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
    • They carry drugs for topical application.
    • This includes use on skin, cornea, rectal tissue, nasal mucosa, vagina, buccal tissue, and external ear lining.
    • Their prolonged contact with the application site prolongs drug release.

    Semi-Solid Dosage Form

    • Semi-solid dosage forms are intended for topical application to skin, wounds, and mucous membranes, or for cosmetic functions.
    • They often serve as protective and emollient agents, aid drug penetration, or locally deliver medicines.
    • The forms have been studied for systemic drug delivery over the last few years

    Advantages of Semi-Solid Dosage Forms

    • External application.
    • Probability of side effects reduced.
    • Local action.
    • First-pass gut and hepatic metabolism avoidance.
    • Enhanced patient compliance due to easier drug termination in problematic cases.

    Disadvantages of Semi-Solid Dosage Forms

    • Lack of dosage accuracy.
    • Possible oxidation of the base.
    • Bulky, difficult to handle.
    • Potential for contamination from finger application.
    • Compared to solid dosage forms, semi-solids may be less stable.

    Ideal Properties of Semi-Solid Dosage Forms

    • Physical: Smooth texture, elegant appearance, non-drying, non-gritty, non-greasy and non-staining, non-hygroscopic.
    • Physiological: Non-irritating, miscible with skin secretions, low sensitization effect.
    • Application: Easily applied, efficient drug release, high aqueous washability.

    Cream, Paste, and Ointment Definitions

    • Creams: Opaque, viscous, relatively soft, spreadable; usually contain over 20% water and volatiles, under 50% of hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyols as vehicles. Used for external application.
    • Ointments: Homogeneous, translucent, viscous, semi-solid preparations; usually contain under 20% water and volatiles; mainly contain 50% or more hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyols as vehicles. Used for external application.
    • Pastes: Thick, stiff, semi-solids; contain a high concentration (20-50%) of insoluble powder substances dispersed in a fatty or aqueous base. Used for external application, acting as protective coatings.

    Usage and Types of Cream, Paste & Ointments

    • Intended for topical application frequently used as a non-invasive delivery system
    • Placed on the skin or eye surface
    • Used intranasally.
    • Sometimes introduced into cavities like vagina or rectum.
    • Used for treating conditions such as dermatitis, eczema, eye infections, etc.

    General Uses of Cream

    • Topical skin products
    • Rectal and vaginal applications

    General Uses of Paste

    • Semi-solid preparations with a stiff consistency contain 20-50% finely dispersed solids.
    • Used for topical applications including skin, mucous membranes, and oral cavity.
    • Function as a barrier when applied to the skin.
    • Can absorb and neutralize noxious chemicals before reaching the skin.

    General Uses of Ointments

    • Protectants and physical barriers against the environment.
    • Skin emollients, softening and making the skin pliable.
    • Carriers for medicaments.

    Types of Creams

    • Aqueous cream (oil-in-water)
    • Anionic emulsifying wax cream
    • Cationic emulsifying wax cream
    • Non-ionic emulsifying wax cream
    • Oily cream (water-in-oil)

    Creams: Water-in-Oil vs. Oil-in-Water

    • Water-in-oil (O/W): Produced using emulsifying agents, resulting in a smooth, elegant appearance and easy rinsability for use on oozing wounds.
    • Oil-in-water (W/O): Consist of synthetic waxes, suitable for rapid absorption and penetration of medication.

    Methods of Preparation of Creams, Pastes, & Ointments

    • API: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient.
    • Bases: Supports and carries other ingredients.
    • Preservatives: Prevent contamination.
    • Humectants: Maintain moisture.
    • Antioxidants: Inhibit degradation.
    • Emulsifier: Helps liquids mix.
    • Gelling agents: Make the mixture thick.
    • Permeation enhancer: Aids drug absorption.
    • Buffer: Maintenance of pH.

    Methods of Semi-Solid Preparation

    • Trituration Method: Involves mechanically incorporating ingredients in a mortar or on a glass slab with a spatula, frequently using levigating agents (e.g., oils, glycerin) to disperse insoluble powders or powders and liquids.

    • Fusion Method: Ingredients that can withstand heat are melted to produce a homogeneous mixture, followed by controlled cooling.

    • Emulsification Method: Mixing ingredients with differing properties, particularly water and oil solutions, to produce homogeneous mixtures, requiring emulsifying agents and methods like trituration.

    Types of Paste

    • Fatty pastes (e.g., zinc oxide paste).
    • Non-greasy pastes.

    Packaging for Semisolids.

    • Usually packaged in jars or tubes.
    • Jars: Use a spatula for application, filling, and to prevent trapped air.
    • Tubes: Pressure-filling technique is used.

    Storing and Labeling Semisolids.

    • Store in a cool place, protected from light.
    • Use tightly closed containers that are completely filled.
    • Proper packaging and storage conditions prevent crystallization of active ingredients and protect from air, light, moisture, and high temperatures or extreme changes impacting the preparation.
    • Labelled with important details about the base (e.g., water-soluble or water-insoluble) and use only for external application.

    Administration of Topicals

    • Counsel patients to get maximum benefit.
    • Cleanse affected area with soap and water (where applicable).
    • Dry the area.
    • Apply as a thin, even layer.
    • Gentle massaging is sometimes advised.
    • Wash hands with soap and water after application.
    • Occlusion (e.g., with bandage) is often not necessary.

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