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Questions and Answers
What is the medical term for the systematic study of the signs and symptoms of diseases?
Which term refers to a clearly defined disease or medical condition?
In which section of a patient's medical history would you find information about past illnesses?
What type of anamnesis assesses the family health background?
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What is the definition of a pathognomonic symptom?
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What is the initial question to ask when taking a patient's anamnesis regarding their disease?
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Which term describes the examination technique that involves looking at a patient during a general examination?
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What is the medical term for a body temperature increase above 41°C?
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Which of the following elements of a skin rash are considered non-palpable?
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Which glucose complex is specifically associated with carbon monoxide hemoglobin (COHb)?
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What is the primary component responsible for the transport of iron in the blood?
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What is the recommended condition for observing lipid profile indicators?
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Which total protein level in the blood is considered life-threatening?
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What is the primary function of B-lymphocytes in the immune response?
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What happens during the denaturation of proteins?
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What is the set of symptoms caused by a single development mechanism called?
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What type of symptoms are subjective and based on the patient's own perceptions?
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Which of the following is considered a primary method for examining a patient?
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What findings from a patient examination are termed objective symptoms?
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What is the role of epidemiological anamnesis in medical diagnostics?
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What specific section of medical history does an allergy to penicillin belong to?
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At what point does a medical examination primarily begin?
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What type of complaints are referred to as chief complaints?
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What is the representation of the patient's history of present illness in the sequence of questioning?
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What level of consciousness disorder is characterized by poor orientation and slow responses?
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What forced position does a patient with exudative pleurisy prefer?
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What characterizes a freezing episode in Parkinson's disease?
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What is the main benefit of the orthopnea position for patients?
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In which position does a patient with an exacerbation of peptic ulcer disease likely find relief?
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What term describes a patient who is motionless with their head and limbs hanging down?
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What is the characteristic of a patient in a state of stupor?
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What skin color is indicative of hypoxia?
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What pathology is associated with the skin obtaining a 'coffee with milk' coloration?
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What pathological condition results in a curvature of the spine with a convexity forward?
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What causes the pallor of the skin?
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What type of temperature curve is characterized by an elevated body temperature persisting for several days or weeks with daily fluctuations of 1°C?
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What type of temperature curve is defined by alternating periods of normal and elevated body temperature?
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Which symptom is particularly associated with pneumothorax?
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What does the term 'asthenic form' describe in relation to chest shape?
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Which type of phlegm is commonly associated with pneumonia?
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What causes azotemia?
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Which plasma protein primarily acts as an acute phase protein?
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The specific activity of ALT is primarily present in which organ?
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What form of chest shape is characterized as barrel-shaped?
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What role does albumin NOT play in the body?
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Study Notes
Semiology and Medical History
- Semiology is the study of symptoms and signs of diseases.
- A symptom is a sign of a pathological condition reported by the patient.
- A nosological unit refers to a distinct disease or medical condition.
- A patient's medical history is documented in a medical record or case history.
- Hippocrates is quoted as saying, "A properly collected anamnesis is half the diagnosis."
- Epidemiological, allergy, hereditary, and social anamnesis all belong to the patient's overall medical history (anamnesis).
- A pathognomonic symptom is characteristic of a specific disease.
- Past medical history includes previous surgeries and injuries.
- Social and everyday anamnesis includes the patient’s bad habits.
- Additional questioning serves to clarify and objectively assess information.
- The sequence of onset of disease symptoms is detailed in the disease history.
- Anamnesis collection begins with questions like "What brings you to the doctor?" or "What's your chief complaint?"
Clinical Examination and Constitutional Types
- Hyperpyrexia is an increase in body temperature above 41°C.
- General examination sequence: Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation (IPPA).
- Stuporous state signs include reduced consciousness, confusion, and disorientation.
- Hypersthenic constitution features an athletic build, strong muscles, and a broad chest.
- Macules and patches are non-palpable elements of skin rashes.
- General examination "from the outside in" begins with inspection.
- Soporous state signs include drowsiness, sleepiness, and difficulty arousing.
- Normally palpable lymph nodes include cervical, axillary, and inguinal.
- Pustules and abscesses are skin rash elements containing purulent contents.
- Normosthenic constitution presents with an average build and proportional body.
- Subjective symptoms are reported by the patient (e.g., pain, dizziness, fatigue).
- Objective symptoms are discovered by the doctor during examination.
- A syndrome is a set of symptoms caused by a single developmental mechanism.
- The classical direct clinical examination includes IPPA (Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation).
- Main examination methods are complemented by laboratory and imaging studies.
- Endoscopy is an example of an additional research method.
- Anamnesis is a subjective research method.
- Detailing complaints is called clarification.
- The correct sequence of questioning involves the chief complaint, history of present illness, past medical history, family history, and social history.
- Main complaints are those presented by the patient and indicative of organ system involvement.
- Epidemiological anamnesis is crucial for identifying acute infectious diseases.
- Family history is primary for identifying congenital diseases.
- Allergy history includes reactions such as to penicillin.
- Examination of the patient begins with inspection.
Consciousness, Posture, and Skin Color
- Somnolence is a level of consciousness where the patient has poor orientation, answers slowly and belatedly.
- Exudative pleurisy leads to a patient adopting a sitting-up, leaning-forward position.
- A freezing episode (Parkinson’s disease) is characterized by a forced stop during walking or activity.
- Orthopnea position alleviates breathing difficulties.
- Exudative pericarditis may cause patients to prefer a sitting-up, leaning-forward posture.
- Exacerbation of peptic ulcer disease may result in a fetal position in bed.
- A flaccid position describes a motionless patient with head and limbs hanging down due to their weight.
- Stupor is a level of impaired consciousness with poor orientation, slow monosyllabic responses, and reduced sensitivity.
- Coma involves complete loss of consciousness, sensitivity, and movement.
- Deep Coma presents with deep inhibition of higher nervous activity and complete loss of consciousness reaction.
- Delirium is related to an irritative disorder of consciousness.
- Increased reduced hemoglobin levels result in pale skin.
- Cyanosis (bluish skin) is caused by hypoxia.
- Pallor (pale skin) can be caused by vasoconstriction.
- Plethoric skin coloration is caused by vasodilation.
- Hemochromatosis can cause a "coffee with milk" skin color.
- Addison’s disease can lead to bronze skin coloration.
- Hyperbilirubinemia results in jaundice (yellowish skin, mucous membranes, and sclera).
- Kyphosis is a forward convex curvature of the spine.
- A sustained temperature curve shows elevated temperature for several days or weeks with daily fluctuations of 1°C.
- An intermittent temperature curve alternates between normal and elevated body temperature.
- Chest pain occurs in cases such as pleurisy.
- Main complaints in respiratory diseases include dyspnea (shortness of breath), cough, and chest pain.
- Gentle breathing and coughing can be observed in pneumothorax.
- Stitching chest pain associated with breathing is seen in pleurisy.
- Bronchitis may present with a cough with hard-to-separate viscous sputum.
- Pneumonia may manifest with rusty sputum.
- Lung abscess can produce fetid sputum.
- Normosthenic chest: symmetrical and proportional.
- Asthenic chest: narrow and elongated.
- Hypersthenic chest: broad and muscular.
- Paralytic chest: flaccid.
- Emphysematous chest: barrel-shaped.
- Pectus excavatum ("shoemaker's chest") is a sunken chest.
Blood Values and Proteins
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Plasma proteins include globulins.
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C-reactive protein is an acute-phase protein.
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Azotemia is caused by reduced glomerular filtration.
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Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity is highest in liver cells.
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Alpha-amylase is most important for diagnosing pancreatic diseases.
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The majority of amino acids are used for protein synthesis.
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Albumin is not involved in lipoprotective lipase activation.
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Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) indicates glucose levels.
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Transferrin is an iron-binding globulin.
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Blood lipid profile testing requires fasting.
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A life-threatening level of total blood protein is below 40 g/l.
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The main function of B-lymphocytes is immunoglobulin synthesis.
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Globin is the protein part of hemoglobin.
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C-reactive protein concentration increases most sharply in bacterial inflammation.
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The polypeptide chain forms the basis of protein structure.
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Denaturation disrupts protein structure.
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Lipase increases in pancreatitis.
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Creatine kinase activity is highest in the myocardium and muscle.
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C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration is elevated in bacterial inflammation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the principles of semiology and the importance of medical history in diagnosis. This quiz covers key concepts such as symptoms, nosological units, and various types of anamnesis. Enhance your understanding of how thorough patient history can influence medical practice.
