Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the active aspect of the self according to William I. James and George H. Mead?
What is the active aspect of the self according to William I. James and George H. Mead?
- Generalized Other
- Role Taking
- Me
- I (correct)
What is required for children to engage in role taking?
What is required for children to engage in role taking?
- Imitating their parents' activities
- Participating in solitary play
- Distinguishing their own faces from others
- Imagining viewpoints of others simultaneously (correct)
At what age do children begin to recognize self-other contingencies, according to Bertenthal and Fisher?
At what age do children begin to recognize self-other contingencies, according to Bertenthal and Fisher?
- 12 to 15 months
- 2 to 3 years
- 18 to 24 months (correct)
- 6 to 12 months
What defines the play stage in the development of self according to the content?
What defines the play stage in the development of self according to the content?
In what stage do children begin to engage in organized activities and understand role dynamics?
In what stage do children begin to engage in organized activities and understand role dynamics?
What is the purpose of self-differentiation in understanding reflexive behavior?
What is the purpose of self-differentiation in understanding reflexive behavior?
What does the concept of 'generalized other' refer to in the development of self?
What does the concept of 'generalized other' refer to in the development of self?
How can a team leader effectively promote creative problem solving?
How can a team leader effectively promote creative problem solving?
What primarily influences the adoption of role identities?
What primarily influences the adoption of role identities?
How do individualist cultures primarily define identity?
How do individualist cultures primarily define identity?
What is the role of self schemas in identity formation?
What is the role of self schemas in identity formation?
Which factor is likely to make an identity more salient in a specific context?
Which factor is likely to make an identity more salient in a specific context?
In what way do collectivist cultures emphasize identity?
In what way do collectivist cultures emphasize identity?
What might cause an individual to act in a way that confirms their social identity?
What might cause an individual to act in a way that confirms their social identity?
What is a key characteristic of how individuals experience their identities?
What is a key characteristic of how individuals experience their identities?
Which strategy is often used to verify perceptions of one's self?
Which strategy is often used to verify perceptions of one's self?
What effect describes the phenomenon where higher expectations lead to increased performance?
What effect describes the phenomenon where higher expectations lead to increased performance?
Which of the following is a negative consequence of the Golem Effect?
Which of the following is a negative consequence of the Golem Effect?
What term is used to describe a negative attitude toward a group based on characteristics such as race, gender, or perceived abilities?
What term is used to describe a negative attitude toward a group based on characteristics such as race, gender, or perceived abilities?
Which of the following statements about stereotypes is true?
Which of the following statements about stereotypes is true?
What is a common psychological response that can lead to prejudice, as seen when categorizing individuals?
What is a common psychological response that can lead to prejudice, as seen when categorizing individuals?
Which source of prejudice is primarily rooted in perceptions of social status?
Which source of prejudice is primarily rooted in perceptions of social status?
How can stereotypes be embedded in language?
How can stereotypes be embedded in language?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with prejudice?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with prejudice?
What does ingroup bias refer to in social psychology?
What does ingroup bias refer to in social psychology?
What is a key characteristic of the self-fulfilling prophecy?
What is a key characteristic of the self-fulfilling prophecy?
What is stereotype threat?
What is stereotype threat?
Which factor is NOT associated with emotional sources of prejudice?
Which factor is NOT associated with emotional sources of prejudice?
How does conformity relate to the acceptance of prejudice?
How does conformity relate to the acceptance of prejudice?
Which effect demonstrates how individuals perform based on others' expectations?
Which effect demonstrates how individuals perform based on others' expectations?
What contributes to the emergence of ingroup bias?
What contributes to the emergence of ingroup bias?
Which of the following best describes the consequences of labeling enemies as subhuman?
Which of the following best describes the consequences of labeling enemies as subhuman?
What is a possible consequence for the target of misplaced hostility?
What is a possible consequence for the target of misplaced hostility?
What cognitive source contributes to prejudice by organizing the world into groups?
What cognitive source contributes to prejudice by organizing the world into groups?
According to the Just-World Phenomenon, what belief do people tend to have?
According to the Just-World Phenomenon, what belief do people tend to have?
How does distinctiveness affect judgment in social situations?
How does distinctiveness affect judgment in social situations?
Which situational factor might explain a person's hostile behavior?
Which situational factor might explain a person's hostile behavior?
What effect can cognitive categorization have on an individual's perception of others?
What effect can cognitive categorization have on an individual's perception of others?
What inappropriate action can result from projecting anger onto others?
What inappropriate action can result from projecting anger onto others?
What might cause a person to misinterpret someone else’s behavior as rude?
What might cause a person to misinterpret someone else’s behavior as rude?
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Study Notes
Self Development Theories
- The Self has both an active and passive component
- The I represents the active part of the self which initiates behavior.
- The Me represents the passive aspect of the self, the object which behavior is directed towards.
Stages of Self Development
- Infants do not have self-differentiation at birth.
- By 18 to 24 months, infants can start to differentiate themselves from others.
Role taking
- Role taking is the process of placing oneself in the shoes of another person.
- The play stage is the first stage where kids imitate the actions of adults.
- The game stage requires children to understand the viewpoint of other actors in more complex, organized settings.
- This ability allows children to anticipate the actions of others.
- The generalized other is the internalized perception of the views and expectations of society.
Social Identitites
- A social identity is a definition of self in terms of shared characteristics with a social group.
- Each identity has degrees of salience.
- More salient identities are more likely to be activated in certain situations.
- Saliency of identities also determines which behaviors are enacted.
- There are two main cultural distinctions that impact identity formation:
- Individualist cultures place emphasis on personal achievement and one’s personal identities.
- Collectivist cultures prioritize group welfare and one’s group position.
###Â The Pygmalion Effect
- Higher expectations on an individual's performance can lead to improved performance.
The Golem Effect
- Lower performance expectations placed upon a person can lead to poorer performance.
Social Sources of Prejudice
- We categorize people into groups to simplify the world around us.
- People identify with specific groups, which leads to a favorable bias towards their own in-group.
- Groups differentiate themselves by comparing themselves to other groups (outgroups).
Ingroup Bias
- Ingroup bias is the tendency to display favoritism towards members of our own group.
- The definition of who we are (ingroup) implies a definition of who we are not (outgroup).
Conformity
- Many people conform to existing social norms, even if it means acting prejudiced.
Emotional Sources of Prejudice
- Frustration and aggression can be expressed through misplaced accusations.
- People can display a just-world phenomenon where a person falsely believes that people get what they deserve.
###Â Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
- Individuals often judge people based on their differences.
- Distinctive people are more likely to draw attention to themselves, which can lead to biased judgements.
Stereotype Threat
- Stereotype threat is the apprehension that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
- It can lead to negative self-fulfilling prophecies, where individuals perform worse when their group identity is emphasized.
Discrimination
- Prejudice is a negative attitude.
- Discrimination is a negative behavior based on prejudice.
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