Career Development Theories

Trait Factor Theory

• Also known as "Trait Factor Matching".
• Key figures include Frank Parson and E.G. Williamson.
• Focuses on career counseling and aptitude testing.
• Individuals possess unique personality traits, interests, and abilities that align with specific occupations or career paths.
• Involves identifying personality traits, understanding job requirements, matching traits to occupations, decision-making, and continuous assessment.

Personality Type-Work Environment Congruence Theory

• Developed by John Holland.
• Individuals are categorized into six personality types: Realistic (Do-ers), Investigative (Thinkers), Social (Helpers), Conventional (Organizers), Enterprising (Persuaders), and Artistic (Creators).

Social Learning and Career Decision Theory

• Proposed by Albert Bandura.
• Self-efficacy is key, and it reflects a person's control over their thoughts, actions, and beliefs, and is a predictor of behavior.
• Motivation is the most important driver of career development.
• Self-efficacy is influenced by experience, vicarious experience, social persuasion, and physiological feedback, which then impacts behavior and performance.

Developmental or the Life Span or Life Space Theory

• Attributed to Donald Super.
• Asserts that humans are in constant change throughout their lives.
• Life stages include Growth (0-14), Exploration (15-24), Establishment (25-44), Maintenance (45-64), and Decline (65+).
• Visualized as a "Life Rainbow".

Curriculum Vitae (CV)

• A detailed document providing an overview of an individual's academic and professional history.
• Typically longer than a resume, often two or more pages.
• Includes sections for education, research, publications, presentations, awards, and certifications.
• Experiences are listed in reverse chronological order.
• Key elements include a CV header, personal profile, work experience, education, skills, and additional relevant sections.
• Should include contact information and highlight relevant hard and soft skills.

Social Work Processes

• Assessment involves collecting information, analysis, and interpretation to understand the client, problem, and social context.
• Planning translates assessment into goal statements, identifying means to achieve those goals.
• Evaluation is a continuous process of gathering data to reassess objectives and intervention plans.
• Termination involves the social worker discussing the expected duration of the helping relationship with the client.
• Plan implementation follows planning.

Types of Clients in Social Work

• Referral by an interested party hoping the client will receive services.
• Walk-in clients initiate contact, seeking assistance from the social worker.
• Out-reach involves the agency offering help to prospective clients, leading to a helping relationship.

Functions of Social Work

• Preventive detects imbalances and aims to control situations that may damage social functioning.
• Rehabilitative encompasses restorative, curative, and remedial actions to restore balance.
• Developmental strengthens the potential of individuals, groups, and communities.

Areas in Social Work

• Child, Family, and School Social Work addresses various situations, such as helping children who have experienced trauma or abuse.
• Community Social Worker coordinates efforts for infrastructure, volunteering, and fundraising in communities.
• Hospice and Palliative Social Work focuses on providing relief from pain, improving quality of life, and assisting with decision-making for the seriously ill.
• Medical and Health Social Work helps patients navigate emotional, financial, and physical struggles in hospital settings.
• Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Work assists individuals and families dealing with addiction and mental health problems.
• Military and Veterans Social Work supports soldiers and their families with issues like post-traumatic stress and substance abuse.

Elements of Communication

• Sender produces the message.
• Encoding is how the message is created in an understandable form.
• Decoding is the receiver's processing of the message.
• Receiver is the intended recipient of the message.
• Context is the situation in which communication occurs.
• Effect is the consequence of the communication.
• Channel is the medium used to transmit the message (e.g., radio, TV).
• Noise is interference that affects accurate understanding of the message.
• Feedback is the receiver's response to the message.

Functions of Communication

• Surveillance monitors and gathers information about the environment.
• Interpretation involves understanding and assigning meaning to information.
• Entertainment provides enjoyment and relaxation.
• Socialization helps individuals learn and internalize societal norms and values.
• Mobilization inspires collective action toward a common goal.

Levels of Communication

• Intrapersonal communication.
• Interpersonal communication.
• Small Group communication.
• Mass communication.
• Computer-Mediated communication.

Careers in Journalism

• News Anchor.
• Reporter/Correspondent.
• Photojournalist.
• Content Creator.
• Editor.
• Podcast Producer/Host.

Functions of Advertising

• Marketing tool that connects products with buyers.
• Transmitter of information, providing consumers with decision-making information.
• Economic stimulant that employs people and generates revenues.
• Purveyor of values, promoting health, thrift, and environmental awareness.

Types of Public Relations

• Internal Communications involves communicating with employees.
• Corporate Public Relations communicates on behalf of the entire organization.
• Media Relations involves communication with journalists.
• Community Relations/CSR focuses on communication with the local community.
• Crisis Management communicates clear messages during emergencies.
• Events Management involves the organization of complex events.

Ancient Astronomy

• Cosmogony is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of the universe.
• Astronomy is the study of planetary motions and positions, which was the basis for calendar development.
• The oldest lunar eclipse recorded was in 2000 BCE in Mesopotamia.
• Anaximenes was an ancient Greek philosopher who proposed the celestial sphere model, setting stars as fixed points.
• Astronomy started by the Greeks from 600 BCE-400 CE, using geometric methods.

Earth's Motion

• Diurnal is the apparent daily motion from E→W through N→S.
• Annual is the apparent shift in the location from stars to WEST→SUN.
• Precession is the annual gradual shift in orientation of the Earth’s Axis, a westward motion.

Ancient Astronomers

• Plato (428-348 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician, a student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle.
• Plato believed the universe is perfect and unchanging and that stars are embedded as eternal and divine entities.
• Eudoxus of Cnidus (390-337 BCE) proposed a geocentric model with 27 interconnected spheres and all celestial motions are circular and regular.
• Aristotle (384-322 BCE) proposed 55 concentric spheres around the Earth.
• Earth is stationary and at the center and was teacher to Alexander The Great.
• Aristarchus of Samos was the first to develop a heliocentric model.
• Claudius Ptolemy developed the Ptolemaic System, with each planet orbiting an epicycle, and thought earth was Spherical.
• The stars are fixed and attached to a solid spherical exterior.

Theological Terms

• Theotokos: A Greek title for Mary meaning "God-bearer" or "Mother of God," affirming that Jesus is fully divine and fully human.
• Assumption: The belief that Mary was taken body and soul into heaven at the end of her earthly life.
• Ascension: The event in which Jesus was taken up to heaven, body and soul, 40 days after His resurrection.
• Soteriology: The theological study of salvation, particularly how Jesus Christ's life, death, and resurrection achieve redemption for humanity.
• Mariology: The theological study of Mary, her role in salvation history, and her attributes.
• Ecclesiology: The study of the Church, its nature, mission, and structure.
• Theology: The study of God, religious beliefs, and spiritual matters.
• Liturgy: The official public worship of the Church, including sacraments, prayers, and rituals.
• Peccability: The capacity to sin.
• Impeccability: The inability to sin, commonly attributed to Jesus.
• Christology: The study of Christ's nature, identity, and role in salvation.
• Nicene Creed: A profession of faith affirming key Christian doctrines, including the Trinity and Christ’s divinity.
• Creed: A formal statement of Christian beliefs.
• Monothelite: Belief that Christ had only one will (divine).
• Monophysite: Belief that Christ has only one nature (divine or a fusion of divine and human).
• Trinity: The Christian doctrine that God exists as three persons—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—in one divine essence.
• Ecumenism: The movement toward unity among Christian denominations and dialogue with other faith traditions.
• Perpetual Virginity: The belief that Mary remained a virgin before, during, and after the birth of Jesus.
• Iconoclasm: The rejection or destruction of religious images (icons).
• Iconodule: A supporter of the veneration of icons.
• Immaculate Conception: The doctrine that Mary was conceived without original sin.
• Original Sin: The doctrine that all humans inherit a fallen nature and a tendency to sin due to Adam and Eve's transgression.
• Heresy: A belief or teaching that contradicts the established doctrines of the Church.
• Hypostatic Union: The theological doctrine that Jesus Christ is one person with two natures—fully divine and fully human.
• Homoousios: A Greek term meaning "of the same substance," affirming that Jesus is of the same divine essence as God the Father.
• Homoiousios: A Greek term meaning "of similar substance," indicating Jesus was like the Father but not identical in essence.