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Sociology: Self Development Theories
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Sociology: Self Development Theories

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Questions and Answers

What does the concept of 'Self-reactiveness' refer to?

  • Making adjustments based on outcomes of actions (correct)
  • The ability to reflect on others' emotions
  • Understanding the illusion of self
  • Achieving enlightenment through interdependence

    • According to Carl Rogers, what do individuals strive for?

  • Emotional distress
  • Congruence between real and ideal selves (correct)
  • Independence from others
  • Multiple distinct identities

    • What is a characteristic of the 'Unified Self' concept?

  • It emphasizes individual autonomy
  • It represents a consistent and integrated identity (correct)
  • It leads to emotional distress
  • It involves having distinct identities

    • Which psychologist identified the key value of 'hiya' or shame?

    <p>Virgilio Enriquez</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Western perspective, how is the nature of the self viewed?

    <p>As a unique and independent entity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the psyche does Freud's model refer to as the most primitive and instinctual?

    <p>ID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-efficacy influence an individual's outlook?

    <p>It influences whether they think pessimistically or optimistically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of life according to the Eastern perspective?

    <p>To achieve enlightenment and liberation from suffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the 'play stage' in Mead's theory of self-development?

    <p>Children learn to communicate through symbols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals change their behavior according to symbols?

    <p>They adapt based on meaning attached to symbols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Goffman's theory of front stage and backstage emphasize?

    <p>Different self-presentation in various contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the game stage of self-development, what do children learn to understand?

    <p>The rules of games and role-taking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'agents of socialization'?

    <p>People or groups that shape self-concept and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does frame analysis explore in human interactions?

    <p>How experiences are interpreted and understood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of self-development follows the play stage?

    <p>The game stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one impact of stigma as explored by Goffman?

    <p>It affects both social and psychological state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Neuroticism primarily involve?

    <p>Tendency towards negative personality traits and emotional instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is associated with Conscientiousness?

    <p>Carefulness and self-discipline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Reaction Formation defense mechanism entail?

    <p>Expressing feelings that contradict one's true emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the anima in Jung's theory?

    <p>It is the feminine aspect represented in men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Intellectualization involve?

    <p>Using reasoning to detach from emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a trait of Extroversion?

    <p>Seeking social connections and interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Self archetype in Jung's theory represents what?

    <p>The blend of unconscious and conscious minds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is NOT typically associated with Agreeableness?

    <p>Intellectual curiosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle does the ID operate on?

    <p>Pleasure principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the EGO?

    <p>To find realistic ways to gratify the ID's needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the SUPEREGO?

    <p>It develops from internalizing social and cultural values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves pushing unwanted thoughts into the unconscious mind?

    <p>Repression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of rationalization?

    <p>Claiming that being late was due to traffic, despite poor planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the defense mechanism of projection involve?

    <p>Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait represents openness to experience?

    <p>Intellect or imagination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sublimation refer to in terms of defense mechanisms?

    <p>Transforming negative impulses into positive actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation for human behavior according to Maslow's hierarchy?

    <p>Physiological needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fulfills safety needs as described by Maslow?

    <p>Job security and employment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Maslow, what must be satisfied before higher needs can be addressed?

    <p>Physiological and safety needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

    <p>Social needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are higher needs harder to satisfy according to Maslow's theory?

    <p>They rely heavily on interpersonal relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is rejected by Maslow as a primary need until physiological needs are met?

    <p>Self-actualization needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do safety needs promote in an individual?

    <p>Order, predictability, and control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these needs comes last in Maslow's hierarchy?

    <p>Self-actualization needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mead's Theory of Self Development

    • Mead emphasizes three stages of self-development:
      • Pre-Play Stage: Children learn to imitate the actions of specific others.
      • Play Stage: Children engage in role-taking, understanding symbols, and communicating through them.
      • Game Stage: Children learn to consider the perspectives of multiple individuals.
    • This theory suggests that social interaction plays a crucial role in shaping how individuals understand themselves and their place in society.

    Goffman's Theory of Self Presentation

    • Goffman's theory highlights the performance of self in social life.
    • Front stage is the public persona we adopt in social settings, while backstage is our private identity.
    • This theory emphasizes the importance of social context and how our behaviors shift to meet social expectations.

    Agents of Socialization

    • Agents of socialization are individuals or groups that shape our self-concept, attitudes, and behaviors.
    • The roles of families, schools, peers, the media, and social institutions influence how we understand the world and ourselves.

    Self-Concept - Western vs. Eastern Perspectives

    • Western Perspective
      • The self is an individual entity, independent and unique, separate from the external world.
      • The goal is to foster personal growth and fulfillment.
    • Eastern Perspective
      • The self is connected and interdependent with others and the surrounding world, often viewing the self as an illusion.
      • The focus is on achieving enlightenment and liberation from suffering.

    The Psychological Perspective of the Self

    • William James proposed the concept of self, including:
      • The Me-Self: The self as an object of observation.
      • The I-Self: The self as a subject of experiences.
    • Carl Rogers' Self Theory emphasizes the importance of congruence between our ideal self and our real self, which, if incongruent, can lead to distress.
    • Bandura's Human Agency Theory highlights the individual's capacity to influence their own functioning through intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness.

    Self-Efficacy

    • Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to accomplish a task.
    • Positive self-efficacy fosters a sense of optimism and self-enhancement, conversely, negative self-efficacy can lead to self-doubt and self-hindering behaviors.

    The Psychoanalytic Theory of the Self

    • Proposed by Sigmund Freud, the theory focuses on three major components of the psyche:
      • ID: The most primitive and instinctual part of the psyche, driven by the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic needs.
      • EGO: Operates on the reality principle, finding realistic ways for the ID to find satisfaction.
      • SUPEREGO: The ethical and moral component that internalizes social and cultural norms, acting as a conscience.

    Defense Mechanisms

    • Defense mechanisms are subconscious strategies used to cope with anxiety and protect the ego.
    • Examples of defense mechanisms include:
      • Repression: Pushing unwanted thoughts or feelings into the subconscious.
      • Projection: Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others.
      • Rationalization: Creating justifiable explanations for behaviors or feelings.
      • Denial: Refusal to acknowledge reality.

    The Big Five Personality Traits

    • The Big Five Personality Traits provide a framework for understanding an individual's personality.
    • The traits are:
      • Openness to Experience: The willingness to explore new ideas and experiences.
      • Conscientiousness: A strong desire to be diligent and well-organized.
      • Extroversion: A preference for social interactions and being outgoing.
      • Agreeableness: A personality style characterized by cooperation and compassion.
      • Neuroticism: Proneness to experience negative emotions like anxiety and insecurity.

    Jung’s Self Concept

    • Jung proposed that the self is the center of the psyche, uniting the conscious and unconscious mind.
    • This concept includes the anima (feminine archetype in men) and animus (masculine archetype in women), both vital for a complete psyche.
    • The self archetype represents the integration of the conscious and unconscious minds, striving for wholeness.

    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • Maslow's theory proposes a hierarchical system of human needs, with the most basic needs at the bottom and the most complex at the top.
    • The hierarchy starts with:
      • Physiological Needs: Basic survival needs such as food, water, and shelter.
      • Safety Needs: The need for security, stability, and safety from harm.
      • Social Needs: The need for belongingness, love, and social connections.
      • Esteem Needs: The need for self-esteem, confidence, and respect from others.
      • Self-Actualization: The highest level of needs, striving for personal growth, creativity, and fulfilling one's potential.
    • Maslow emphasized that lower-level needs must be fulfilled before higher-level needs can be addressed.

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