Self-Awareness and Self-Evaluation

Self-Awareness

• Self-awareness is the understanding of one's own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Carver & Scheier 1981).
• There are two types of self-awareness: private and public self-awareness.

Self-Schema

• Self-schema refers to the collection of beliefs, attitudes, and values that define one's self-concept.
• There are three self-schemas: social comparison, self-evaluation maintenance theory, and three possible reactions towards social comparison.

Western Concept of Self

• According to Geertz (as cited in Monilla et al., 2018), the concept of self in Western thought is characterized by individualism and autonomy.
• Alfred Adler's prosocial interaction theory emphasizes the importance of social relationships in shaping one's self-concept.
• Carl Jung's theory of the unconscious archetype suggests that universal symbols and patterns shape human behavior.
• Jung's concepts include the persona, shadow, anima/animus, and hero.

Sigmund Freud

• Freud's theory of drives (instincts) suggests that human behavior is motivated by unconscious desires.
• The three components of the mind: conscious, subconscious, and unconscious.
• Sexual drive (libido) is a fundamental aspect of human behavior.

Heinz Kohut

• Kohut's self-psychology theory emphasizes the importance of empathy and self-object relationships in shaping one's self-concept.
• The three major constituents of self: self-objects, transference, and mirroring.

Eastern Concept of Self

• In Eastern thought, the concept of self is often characterized by collectivism and interdependence.
• The four great Eastern thought of self: teaching how to become a perfect person, material self, and the concept of self according to William James.

Material Self

• The material self is the possession of a person, including objects, people, and places.
• Classes of material self: bodily self, extracorporeal self, and material possessions as a symbol of social status and determinant of hard work and success.

Self as Cognitive Construct

• The self is a cognitive construct that is composed of three categories: material self, social self, and spiritual self.
• Carl Rogers' self-concept theory emphasizes the importance of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness in shaping one's self-concept.

Symbolic Interaction Theory

• George Herbert Mead's symbolic interaction theory suggests that the self, identity, and self-concept are shaped through social interaction.

Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism

• Hinduism emphasizes the concept of dharma (duty), karma (action and reaction), and moksha (escaping samsara).
• Buddhism emphasizes the four noble truths and the eightfold path.
• Confucianism emphasizes the five cardinal relationships and the importance of moral virtues.

Physical Self

• The physical self refers to the physical aspects of a person, including body image and physical growth and development.
• Human development is influenced by biological factors, including genes, dominant and recessive genes, and homozygous and heterozygous genes.

Body Image

• Body image is the mental representation of one's physical appearance.
• Self-esteem is closely related to body image and physical appearance.