Self and Social Cognition Quiz

The combination of physical and psychological attributes unique to each person.

How people think about themselves and the social world, including things like how they interpret and use social information to make decisions.

An evaluation of one's worth as a person based on the assessment of their self-concept.

<p>The recognition that one can be the cause of an event, such as a baby realizing that dropping a ball is something they can do repeatedly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceptions of one's unique attributes and traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror or photograph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An experiment where a smudge is placed on a baby's cheek, and the baby is then placed in front of a mirror. The baby's reaction is observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Between 15 and 17 months, but success increases significantly from 18 to 20 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individualistic cultures tend to focus on personal goals and traits, while collectivistic cultures emphasize group identity and interdependence, potentially influencing the child's understanding of themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An individual's understanding of their current self but lacking the awareness that past experiences and events shape their current self.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to integrate past, present, and future representations of the self into a unified concept of self that persists over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classifying oneself based on social categories, such as sex, age, or group memberships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toddlers whose mothers emphasize autonomy are more likely to pass the mirror task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Categorical self, observable traits, and unrealistically positive self-perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focus on internal characteristics, more social comparisons, and referencing social groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More abstract self-descriptions, increased self-consciousness, adolescent egocentrism, and a growing ability to distinguish between actual and ideal selves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They emphasize the importance of competition and individual initiative, promoting a focus on how people differ from one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collectivistic societies value cooperation and interdependence, fostering a sense of self that is closely tied to group memberships and social roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hierarchy model of self-esteem consists of five domains: scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, physical appearance, and behavioral conduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specific domains on which individuals base their self-esteem. If someone doesn't value a certain domain, it shouldn't greatly affect their overall self-esteem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of defining and evaluating oneself by comparing oneself to other people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The willingness to strive for success in challenging tasks and to meet high standards of accomplishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An innate drive to explore, understand, and control one's environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The enjoyment of conquering challenges without needing external recognition. It's present from birth to 2 years old and failure doesn't significantly impact them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A desire for recognition when successful and disapproval when failing, often observed in children around 2 years old. They want feedback from those around them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children use standards to evaluate their successes and failures and experience pride or shame based on those evaluations. This typically develops around 3 years old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The desire to seek out and master challenges to satisfy personal needs for competence and mastery. This is often observed in middle childhood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors include attachment quality, home environment, and authoritative parenting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People tend to attribute their successes and failures to four possible causes: ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable attributions (ability &amp; task difficulty) lead to strong achievement expectations while unstable attributes (effort &amp; luck) lead to weaker expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable attributes are factors considered to be consistent across situations. These include ability and task difficulty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unstable attributes are factors that can vary from situation to situation. These include effort and luck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children's choices, persistence, and performance are predicted by their expectancy of success, how much they value the activity, and their previous experiences with achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children move from an incremental (growth) view of ability to an entity (fixed) view of ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief that ability can improve with effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief that ability is innate and cannot be changed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encouraging children to learn from failure fosters a growth mindset, while focusing on a child's lack of ability can lead to a fixed mindset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Teachers can help build a growth mindset by focusing on the learning process, rather than just results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This theory outlines two types of children: those who persist despite failure and those who give up easily. This difference is explained by how they attribute their outcomes - either to effort and learning opportunities, or to lack of ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tendency to persist on challenging tasks because of a belief in one's abilities and the possibility of overcoming previous failures through effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tendency to give up after failing because the failures are attributed to a lack of ability that is believed to be unchangeable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dweck gave grade 5 students unfamiliar tasks and provided either helplessness-producing or mastery-oriented feedback. Students in the helplessness-producing group attributed failures to their abilities, while those in the mastery-oriented group felt they needed to try harder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An intervention where children who exhibit learned helplessness are encouraged to attribute failures to a lack of effort rather than a lack of ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Praise focusing on desirable personality traits, aimed at fostering performance goals in achievement contexts. An example is praising a child's intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goals focused on demonstrating competence and avoiding incompetence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goals aimed at increasing skills and abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process by which individuals attribute characteristics and traits to other people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency to form impressions of others by comparing and contrasting their overt behaviours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency to base impressions of others on enduring traits that are presumed to be stable characteristics of the individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To examine whether babies understand that humans have goals and intentions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Babies were habituated to either an animate (arm reaching) or inanimate (tube reaching) object reaching for a ball. A new goal was introduced (same location, different object) and a new path was introduced (different location, same object).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Babies looked longer at the animate arm reaching for a new object compared to the inanimate tube, showing surprise at the unexpected action. There was no significant difference in looking time for the inanimate condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This task involves a doll named Sally hiding a ball in a basket. While Sally is away, another doll named Anne moves the ball to a box. When Sally returns, the child is asked where Sally will look for the ball.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding that other people may have different knowledge and thoughts than you.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lively and Bromley proposed a model that outlined three stages in children's descriptions of others: external features, internal features, and qualifiers and inferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first stage, occurring around 6-7 years old, involves using external features. Children don't yet display conservation of personality and might describe someone based on a single action like 'He was mean to a kid, so he's rude'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The second stage, occurring between 7-8 years old involves using internal features, where external features (like 'kind eyes') are used as examples of personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The third stage, occurring during teenage years, involves using qualifiers and inferences. Children use social comparisons and abstract descriptions, demonstrating conservation of personality (Understanding that a person can have both positive and negative qualities). For example, 'Prince Harry was mean on Wednesday, but he was super nice on Monday... I think he's having a bad day'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants use cues such as social behavior (helping vs hindering), fairness, and shared food preferences, languages, and prosocial behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children start attributing behaviors to underlying psychological constructs after 6 years old. They may initially focus on behavioral comparisons, but they progress to making inferences about underlying traits like 'he draws the best in our class → he is very artistic'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selman believed that to truly understand someone, one needs to assume their perspective and comprehend their thoughts, feelings, motives, and intentions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first stage, observed in children between 3-6 years old, is the egocentric stage. Children in this stage are unaware of any perspective other than their own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The second stage, observed in children between 6-8 years old, is the social-informational stage. Children in this stage recognize that people have different perspectives, but they believe it's simply because they have different information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children have a complex understanding of social interactions and can make inferences about affiliations based on behavioral and cultural cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory proposes that children's understanding of the self and other people is greatly influenced by their level of cognitive development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory states that children gain a better understanding of themselves and others by learning to differentiate their own perspective from others and to grasp how those different viewpoints relate to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors that influence person perception include appearance, behaviors/contexts, and cognitive schemas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A set of principles that help us distinguish between right and wrong and to act on that distinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moral foundations are the innate origins of human morality that are a result of the adaptive challenges faced during our evolutionary history.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standards of acceptable and unacceptable conduct that primarily focus on the rights and privileges of individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standards of conduct established by social consensus that determine what is appropriate within a particular social context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children display prosociality by helping others, especially when they observe someone in need or when they are being observed by others. For example, in the 'out of reach task' babies are more likely to help when experimenters are in need of help (dropping something out of reach) vs when they're not in need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants display prosocial behaviors, such as reacting emotionally to the distress of others, showing preferences for helpful individuals, and eagerly helping others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prosocial behavior in childhood is influenced by social-cognitive understanding and emotional maturity. A child's prosocial behavior is often affected by who is the recipient (friend vs stranger).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prosocial behavior in adolescence is generally characterized by high stability, and it's influenced by factors like parenting practices, self-regulation, and peer influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Teenagers played an online game and were given tokens that they could either donate or keep. They tended to donate more tokens when they were being evaluated by their teammates, highlighting the social influence on prosocial behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The socialization model emphasizes the role of social norms in teaching children about altruism. The environment shapes a child's emotional understanding, contributing to prosocial behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The biological predisposition model proposes an innate tendency for altruism that is shaped by socialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kin-selected altruism is performing altruistic acts to benefit genetic relatives, promoting the survival of one's own kin and genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reciprocal altruism involves helping others with the expectation that they will reciprocate in the future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children are more willing to share with someone who is likely to reciprocate, and they learn to delay gratification to engage in strategic sharing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathy/compassion refers to the ability to feel sorrow or concern for another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A parent-child relationship characterized by mutual responsiveness to each other's needs and goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers