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Seismic Waves Unit 2
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Seismic Waves Unit 2

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Questions and Answers

What is the maximum displacement of a point of a wave from its rest position called?

  • Period
  • Frequency
  • Wavelength
  • Amplitude (correct)

    • S-waves can travel through both liquid and solid mediums.

    False

    Who first identified the separate arrivals of P-waves and S-waves on seismograms?

    Richard Oldham

    The type of seismic wave that pushes and pulls rock in the same direction it travels is called a __________ wave.

    <p>P-wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following wave types with their characteristics:

    <p>P-waves = Travel through solid, liquid, and gas S-waves = Travel only through solid rock Love waves = Move ground side-to-side Amplitude = Maximum displacement from rest position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of wave is defined as moving particles in a medium perpendicular to its wave motion?

    <p>S-wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The wavelength of a wave is measured in seconds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth?

    <p>Seismic waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of wave travels the fastest?

    <p>P waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The crust is the thickest layer of the Earth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who mathematically predicted the existence of Love waves?

    <p>Augustus Edward Hough Love</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lithosphere comprises part of the crust and the upper part of the ______.

    <p>mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Earth layers with their characteristics:

    <p>Crust = Thinnest layer of solid rock Mantle = Largest layer of the Earth Outer Core = Liquid layer surrounding the inner core Inner Core = Solid ball of very hot metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the asthenosphere is correct?

    <p>It flows like hot asphalt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rayleigh waves move the ground in a circular motion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate temperature at the top of the mantle?

    <p>1600°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the inner core?

    <p>Solid iron and nickel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer core is solid metal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term PANGAEA refer to?

    <p>A supercontinent that included almost all landmasses on Earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ discontinuity is the transition zone between the outer core and inner core.

    <p>Lehmann</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following geological periods with their respective million years ago:

    <p>Permian Period = 250 million years ago Triassic Period = 200 million years ago Jurassic Period = 145 million years ago Cretaceous Period = 65 million years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evidence supports the Continental Drift Theory?

    <p>Matching edges of continents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alfred Lothar Wegener was a proponent of the Plate Tectonics Theory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the fossils that provide evidence for Continental Drift.

    <p>Glossopteris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept of Seafloor Spreading Theory?

    <p>New ocean crust is created at mid-ocean ridges and old crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seafloor spreading and subduction contribute to maintaining the shape of the Earth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the Seafloor Spreading Theory?

    <p>Harry Hammond Hess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    New ocean crust is created at the ______.

    <p>mid-ocean ridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects of Seafloor Spreading Theory to their descriptions:

    <p>New crust creation = Occurs at mid-ocean ridges Old crust destruction = Occurs at deep sea trenches Magma flow = Rises towards the mid-ocean ridge Sediment thickness = Thicker further from the ridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the age, density, and thickness of oceanic crust as one moves away from the mid-ocean ridge?

    <p>They increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Continental Drift Theory and Seafloor Spreading Theory agree on the movement of continents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when old ocean crust is subducted and melts as it reaches the mantle?

    <p>subduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when subduction is faster than seafloor spreading?

    <p>The ocean shrinks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Magnetic reversals occur at regular intervals of 100,000 years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define what a magnetic reversal is.

    <p>A magnetic reversal is when the North Pole and South Pole switch places due to changing materials in the Earth's outer core.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula for the rate of seafloor spreading is RATE = __________ / TIME.

    <p>DISTANCE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phenomena with their descriptions:

    <p>Seafloor Spreading = The process of new oceanic crust being formed Subduction = The process where oceanic crust sinks into the mantle Mantle Convection = Heat transfer process in the mantle Magnetic Reversal = Switching of the Earth's magnetic poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do crystalized irons in rocks play in understanding the Earth's magnetic field?

    <p>They act as a magnetic compass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Atlantic Ocean is expected to become larger than the Pacific Ocean due to plate divergence.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain what mantle convection currents are.

    <p>Mantle convection currents are heat transfer processes in the lower mantle where magma rises and sinks due to temperature and density differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Seismic Waves

    • Equilibrium: Undisturbed position of particles or fields, not vibrating.
    • Crest: Highest point above the rest position in a wave.
    • Trough: Lowest point below the rest position in a wave.
    • Amplitude (A): Maximum displacement of a wave point from its rest position.
    • Wavelength: Distance covered by a full wave cycle, measured in meters.
    • Period (P): Time taken for a full wave cycle, measured in seconds.
    • Frequency (f): Number of waves passing a point each second, measured in Hertz (Hz).

    Types of Wave Motion

    • Longitudinal Waves: Particles move parallel to wave direction; includes P-waves (Primary).
    • Transverse Waves: Particles move perpendicular to wave direction; includes S-waves (Secondary).

    Seismic Wave Types

    • P-waves (Primary waves): Fastest seismic waves; travel through solid, liquid, and gas; compressional motion.
    • S-waves (Secondary waves): Move rock up and down; slower than P-waves; can only travel through solids.
    • Love Waves: Fastest surface waves; move ground side-to-side.
    • Rayleigh Waves: Cause ground to shake in an elliptical motion; slowest surface waves.

    Earth Layers

    • Crust: Outermost solid layer, 5-35 km thick on land, 1-8 km under oceans; consists of tectonic plates.
    • Lithosphere: Upper part of the mantle plus the crust, hard and brittle rock layer.
    • Asthenosphere: Underlies the lithosphere; molten rock that flows like hot asphalt, facilitating plate movement.
    • Mantle: Largest Earth layer, 2900 km thick; relatively flexible, flows, and has temperatures between 1600°F and 4000°F.
    • Core: Divided into outer (liquid) and inner (solid); outer core is 2,250 km thick; inner core responsible for Earth's magnetic field, solid due to extreme heat and pressure.

    Continental Drift Theory

    • Pangaea: Supercontinent that existed during the Permian Period, existing approximately 250 million years ago.
    • Alfred Wegener: Proposed that continents were once a single landmass that drifted apart.

    Evidence for Continental Drift

    • Fossil Evidence: Similar fossils found across separated continents, indicating land connection in the past.
    • Matching Continents: Jigsaw-like fit of eastern South America and western Africa.

    Seafloor Spreading Theory

    • Proposes that new ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and is destroyed at deep-sea trenches.
    • Hess's Contribution: Suggested that continental drift is driven by seafloor spreading.

    Mechanisms Supporting Seafloor Spreading

    • Hot, less dense material rises, creating new seafloor as magma flows out and solidifies.
    • Old oceanic crust is pushed away from ridges and can undergo subduction, melting back into the mantle.

    Magnetic Reversal

    • Occurs when Earth's magnetic poles switch; each reversal lasts less than 200,000 years.
    • Symmetrical patterns of magnetic stripes on either side of mid-ocean ridges provide evidence of seafloor spreading.

    Rate of Seafloor Spreading

    • Calculated using the formula: RATE = DISTANCE / TIME.
    • Ocean size changes based on relative rates of seafloor spreading and subduction.

    Mantle Convection Currents

    • Involves heat transfer in the lower mantle; magma rises as it heats and sinks as it cools.
    • Heat generated from the decay of radioactive elements drives convection currents, enabling plate tectonics.

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    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of seismic waves in Unit 2. This quiz covers key terms such as equilibrium, amplitude, wavelength, and period, providing a solid understanding of wave behavior in physical science. Test your knowledge and comprehension of these fundamental principles.

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