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Questions and Answers
Which type of plants have male and female flowers on the same plant?
Which type of plants have male and female flowers on the same plant?
What type of plants have female and male flowers on separate plants?
What type of plants have female and male flowers on separate plants?
What percentage of angiosperm pollination relies on animal pollinators?
What percentage of angiosperm pollination relies on animal pollinators?
Which type of flowers are generally brightly colored and have lines or other distinctive markings?
Which type of flowers are generally brightly colored and have lines or other distinctive markings?
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Which type of flowers smell like rotten meat?
Which type of flowers smell like rotten meat?
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Which type of flowers are often bright red or yellow and attract hummingbirds and sunbirds?
Which type of flowers are often bright red or yellow and attract hummingbirds and sunbirds?
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Which part of the flower is responsible for attracting pollinators?
Which part of the flower is responsible for attracting pollinators?
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What is the male part of the flower called?
What is the male part of the flower called?
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What is the female part of the flower called?
What is the female part of the flower called?
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What is the term for a cluster of flowers arranged on a floral axis?
What is the term for a cluster of flowers arranged on a floral axis?
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What is the term for flowers that contain both male and female organs?
What is the term for flowers that contain both male and female organs?
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What is the term for plants that produce only male or only female flowers?
What is the term for plants that produce only male or only female flowers?
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Which cells in the plant body are capable of dividing and specializing, enabling plants to regenerate lost parts?
Which cells in the plant body are capable of dividing and specializing, enabling plants to regenerate lost parts?
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What is the process called when detached stem and/or root tissues can regenerate an entire new plant with full structure and function?
What is the process called when detached stem and/or root tissues can regenerate an entire new plant with full structure and function?
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What is the term for the concept that every cell in a plant has the inherent genetic ability to reproduce the entire plant?
What is the term for the concept that every cell in a plant has the inherent genetic ability to reproduce the entire plant?
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What is a group of plants derived from the same parent plant by asexual propagation called?
What is a group of plants derived from the same parent plant by asexual propagation called?
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What is the advantage of asexual reproduction in plant propagation settings?
What is the advantage of asexual reproduction in plant propagation settings?
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What is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction in terms of genetic diversity?
What is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction in terms of genetic diversity?
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Which part of the seed is responsible for anchoring the embryo in soil and beginning water uptake?
Which part of the seed is responsible for anchoring the embryo in soil and beginning water uptake?
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What is the term for the uptake of water into the seed that initiates seed germination?
What is the term for the uptake of water into the seed that initiates seed germination?
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Which type of germination involves the hypocotyl elongating and forming a hook that pulls the cotyledons above ground?
Which type of germination involves the hypocotyl elongating and forming a hook that pulls the cotyledons above ground?
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What are the general requirements for seed germination?
What are the general requirements for seed germination?
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What is the difference between primary dormancy and secondary dormancy?
What is the difference between primary dormancy and secondary dormancy?
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Which type of fruit develops from a single carpel or pistil?
Which type of fruit develops from a single carpel or pistil?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of apomixis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of apomixis?
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What is parthenocarpy?
What is parthenocarpy?
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What is the advantage of sexual reproduction in a natural environment?
What is the advantage of sexual reproduction in a natural environment?
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What is self-pollination?
What is self-pollination?
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What is self-incompatibility?
What is self-incompatibility?
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What is heterosis or hybrid vigor?
What is heterosis or hybrid vigor?
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Which type of flowers are often brightly colored, mostly blue or yellow, and have lines or other distinctive markings that function as landing platforms and nectar guides?
Which type of flowers are often brightly colored, mostly blue or yellow, and have lines or other distinctive markings that function as landing platforms and nectar guides?
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What is the term for the nutritive tissue in seeds that provides energy to the developing embryo and germinating seed?
What is the term for the nutritive tissue in seeds that provides energy to the developing embryo and germinating seed?
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Which type of flowers produce female and male flowers on separate plants, forcing cross-pollination?
Which type of flowers produce female and male flowers on separate plants, forcing cross-pollination?
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What is the term for the process in angiosperms where one sperm fuses with the egg cell to form a zygote, and another sperm fuses with two polar nuclei to form endosperm?
What is the term for the process in angiosperms where one sperm fuses with the egg cell to form a zygote, and another sperm fuses with two polar nuclei to form endosperm?
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Which type of flowers have a strong, yeasty, spicy, or fruity odor, and are often white or dull in color?
Which type of flowers have a strong, yeasty, spicy, or fruity odor, and are often white or dull in color?
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What is the term for the advantage of sexual reproduction in a natural environment?
What is the term for the advantage of sexual reproduction in a natural environment?
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Which part of the flower attracts pollinators and provides a landing strip?
Which part of the flower attracts pollinators and provides a landing strip?
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What is the term for a cluster of flowers arranged on a floral axis?
What is the term for a cluster of flowers arranged on a floral axis?
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What is the term for flowers that contain both male and female floral organs?
What is the term for flowers that contain both male and female floral organs?
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What is the term for plants that produce only male or only female flowers?
What is the term for plants that produce only male or only female flowers?
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What is the term for plants with separate male and female flowers on the same plant?
What is the term for plants with separate male and female flowers on the same plant?
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What is the term for plants that produce flowers lacking one or more floral organs?
What is the term for plants that produce flowers lacking one or more floral organs?
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Which type of asexual reproduction involves the regeneration of an entire new plant with full structure and function from detached stem and/or root tissues?
Which type of asexual reproduction involves the regeneration of an entire new plant with full structure and function from detached stem and/or root tissues?
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What is the term for a group of organisms descended by mitosis from a common ancestor?
What is the term for a group of organisms descended by mitosis from a common ancestor?
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Which method of asexual plant propagation involves the production of adventitious roots from a stem and requires the cells near the wound to dedifferentiate and create a new meristematic region?
Which method of asexual plant propagation involves the production of adventitious roots from a stem and requires the cells near the wound to dedifferentiate and create a new meristematic region?
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Which method of asexual plant propagation involves the roots being produced on a branch or stem, and works well for plants that are not easy to propagate by cuttings?
Which method of asexual plant propagation involves the roots being produced on a branch or stem, and works well for plants that are not easy to propagate by cuttings?
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Which method of asexual plant propagation involves segments of different plants being connected and induced to grow together as one plant?
Which method of asexual plant propagation involves segments of different plants being connected and induced to grow together as one plant?
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Which method of asexual plant propagation involves growing and maintaining plants in a disease-free status in test tubes, and relies on the totipotency of plant cells?
Which method of asexual plant propagation involves growing and maintaining plants in a disease-free status in test tubes, and relies on the totipotency of plant cells?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a simple fruit?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a simple fruit?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of an aggregate fruit?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an aggregate fruit?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a multiple fruit?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a multiple fruit?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a drupe fruit?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a drupe fruit?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a pome fruit?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a pome fruit?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a dehiscent fruit?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a dehiscent fruit?
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Which of the following is a mechanism to ensure self-pollination in plants?
Which of the following is a mechanism to ensure self-pollination in plants?
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What is the term for a breeding system that induces cross pollination by having male flower parts shed pollen before female flower parts are receptive?
What is the term for a breeding system that induces cross pollination by having male flower parts shed pollen before female flower parts are receptive?
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What is the term for a mechanism that prevents self-pollination in some plants, even though the flowers are perfect, pollen is viable, and stigma is receptive?
What is the term for a mechanism that prevents self-pollination in some plants, even though the flowers are perfect, pollen is viable, and stigma is receptive?
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What is the term for a breeding system that induces cross pollination by having flowers with different lengths of stamens or carpels?
What is the term for a breeding system that induces cross pollination by having flowers with different lengths of stamens or carpels?
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What is the term for the process of repeated self pollination of a hybrid to produce homozygosity?
What is the term for the process of repeated self pollination of a hybrid to produce homozygosity?
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What is the term for a seedling population created by crossing inbred (homozygous) lines?
What is the term for a seedling population created by crossing inbred (homozygous) lines?
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Study Notes
Flower Types and Plant Reproduction
- Monoecious Plants: Have male and female flowers on the same plant (e.g., corn, cucumbers).
- Dioecious Plants: Male and female flowers are found on separate plants (e.g., holly, kiwifruit).
- Animal Pollination: Approximately 75% of angiosperm pollination depends on animal pollinators.
Flower Characteristics
- Brightly Colored Flowers: Typically attract pollinators with vibrant colors and distinctive markings, guiding them to nectar.
- Carrion Flowers: Emit odors resembling rotten meat to attract specific pollinators like flies.
- Red and Yellow Flowers: Brightly colored to attract hummingbirds and sunbirds.
Floral Structure and Functions
- Attracting Pollinators: The flower's corolla (petals) mainly serves to lure pollinators.
- Male Part of the Flower: Known as the stamen, which consists of an anther and filament.
- Female Part of the Flower: Called the pistil, which includes the ovary, style, and stigma.
- Inflorescence: A cluster of flowers arranged on a floral axis.
- Perfect Flowers: Contain both male and female organs.
- Imperfect Flowers: Produce only male or only female flowers.
Plant Regeneration and Propagation
- Meristematic Cells: Capable of division and specialization, allowing regeneration of lost plant parts.
- Vegetative Propagation: The process enabling regeneration of an entire new plant from detached tissues.
- Totipotency: Concept that every plant cell has the genetic potential to form a complete plant.
- Clonal Population: Group of plants derived from the same parent through asexual propagation.
- Asexual Reproduction Advantage: Enables rapid propagation without the need for seeds.
- Asexual Reproduction Disadvantage: Limits genetic diversity, increasing susceptibility to diseases.
Seed and Germination
- Radicle: Part of the seed that anchors the embryo in the soil and starts water uptake.
- Imbibition: The uptake of water that initiates seed germination.
- Hypocotyl Germination: A type where the hypocotyl elongates to pull cotyledons above ground.
- General Requirements for Germination: Involves water, oxygen, and suitable temperature.
- Primary Vs Secondary Dormancy: Primary dormancy occurs naturally post-seed dispersal; secondary dormancy occurs in response to environmental conditions.
Fruit Types and Characteristics
- Simple Fruits: Develop from a single carpel or pistil.
- Apomixis: A form of asexual reproduction resulting in seed formation without fertilization.
- Parthenocarpy: Development of fruit without fertilization, resulting in seedless fruits.
Pollination Mechanisms
- Self-Pollination: Pollen from the same flower fertilizes the ovule.
- Self-Incompatibility: Mechanism preventing self-pollination even in perfect flowers.
- Heterosis: Hybrid vigor resulting from crossing diverse inbred lines.
- Pollination Timing: Systems that allow cross-pollination through temporal separation of male and female flower maturity.
Asexual Plant Propagation Methods
- Cutting Propagation: Involves inducing adventitious roots from a stem after cutting.
- Layering: Roots develop on a branch or stem, effective for difficult-to-propagate plants.
- Grafting: Connecting segments of different plants to encourage growth as one organism.
- Tissue Culture: Growing disease-free plants in controlled conditions, relying on cell totipotency.
Fruit Characteristics by Type
- Simple Fruits: Have a single ovary or carpel.
- Aggregate Fruits: Develop from multiple ovaries from a single flower.
- Multiple Fruits: Formed from the ovaries of multiple flowers.
- Drupe Fruits: Characterized by a fleshy pericarp surrounding a single seed.
- Pome Fruits: Have a core containing seeds embedded in a fleshy layer.
- Dehiscent Fruits: Split open at maturity to release seeds.
Reproductive Strategies and Genetics
- Cross-Pollination Induction: Breeding systems encourage cross-pollination through differences in flower structure.
- Self-Pollination Avoidance Mechanism: Prevents fertilization by timing the maturity of floral parts.
- Homozygosity in Hybrids: Achieved through repeated self-pollination of hybrids.
- Inbred Line Seedling Population: Created from the crossbreeding of homozygous lines.
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Description
Test your knowledge on seeds and seed development in plants with this quiz. Learn about the final stages of seed maturation, the different parts of the embryo in eudicot and monocot seeds, and more.
