NCERT - SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 2 - 24 - 25

What is the function of the filiform apparatus in synergids?

Autogamy allows for pollination within different flowers.

What are the two types of flowers produced by plants like Viola and Oxalis for autogamy?

Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the _____ of a pistil.

Which of the following is a type of pollination involving the same flower?

Match the following types of pollination with their definitions:

The embryo sac of a typical angiosperm is 7-nucleate and 8-celled.

The large central cell in the embryo sac has _____ polar nuclei.

What is the purpose of dusting mature pollen grains on the stigma?

Emasculation is required when the female parent produces unisexual flowers.

What is formed as a result of syngamy during double fertilization?

The process involving the fusion of two male gametes with one egg cell and two polar nuclei is called __________.

Match the following post-fertilization events with their descriptions:

What does the primary endosperm cell develop into?

Triple fusion occurs between one male gamete and two polar nuclei.

What event is termed double fertilization in flowering plants?

What was Panchanan Maheshwari's primary area of expertise?

Panchanan Maheshwari was born in Jaipur during the 20th century.

Who inspired Panchanan Maheshwari to develop an interest in Botany?

Panchanan Maheshwari established the Department of Botany, University of ______, as an important center of research.

Match the following achievements of Panchanan Maheshwari with their descriptions:

Which institution honored Panchanan Maheshwari with a fellowship?

All flowering plants reproduce asexually.

In which year were the first textbooks of Biology for Higher Secondary Schools published by NCERT?

What is the term for seed production without fertilisation?

The process of polyembryony involves only one embryo developing within a seed.

Name one plant that produces a large number of seeds.

In some species, the diploid egg cell forms without reduction division in a process called ______.

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Which flowering plants produce polyembryonic seeds?

Hybrid seeds collected from previous plants maintain their hybrid characteristics when re-sown.

What type of seeds can develop into clones in apomixis?

What is the function of the endosperm during seed development?

Coconut water is made up of cellular endosperm.

What happens to the endosperm in plants like castor and coconut during seed germination?

The _______ develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac.

Match the following seed types with their endosperm characteristics:

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the development of a typical dicotyledonous embryo?

Monocotyledons have two cotyledons.

The region of the embryonal axis above the level of cotyledons in a dicotyledon is called the _______.

Which of the following fruits is an example of a false fruit?

Parthenocarpic fruits develop only from the ovary and require fertilization.

What are the advantages of seeds for angiosperms?

The oldest viable seed germinated after _____ years of dormancy.

Which statement best describes true fruits?

What can induce parthenocarpy in fruits?

Match the following seeds with their record ages:

Seeds provide _____ that nourishes young seedlings until they can photosynthesize.

What are the two types of gynoecium based on the number of pistils?

The ovule is attached to the placenta through a stalk called hilum.

What is the process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell called?

Each ovule generally has a single embryo sac formed from a __________.

Match the following parts of the pistil with their functions:

What is the basal part of the ovule called?

Integuments encircle the nucellus at all points except at the tip.

What is the elongated part of the pistil located below the stigma called?

What significant contribution did Panchanan Maheshwari make in the field of education?

Panchanan Maheshwari's work mainly focused on plant genetics and not botany.

In which year was Panchanan Maheshwari born?

Panchanan Maheshwari was honored with the fellowship of the Royal Society of ______.

Which area of plant science did Panchanan Maheshwari particularly emphasize?

Name the place where Panchanan Maheshwari was born.

What structure is typically found at the corners of an anther?

The innermost layer of the anther wall is called the endothecium.

What happens to the sporogenous tissue as the anther develops?

A typical angiosperm anther is ______ and consists of four microsporangia.

Match the components of an anther with their functions:

What is the shape of a typical microsporangium in transverse section?

The outer three wall layers of the anther do not participate in the release of pollen.

What type of tissue occupies the center of each microsporangium when the anther is young?

What is the advantage of making hybrid seeds into apomicts?

Pollen grains contain either two or three cells at the time of shedding.

What are the three parts of the pistil?

What happens when incompatible pollen lands on the stigma?

Pollen grains develop inside the __________.

The pistil has the ability to recognize both compatible and incompatible pollen types.

Match the following parts of the flower with their functions:

What is formed as a result of compatible pollen transfer?

Pollen recognition and response involve a continuous dialogue mediated by __________.

What agent can be a pollinating factor?

Match the following pollen interactions with their outcomes:

Microsporogenesis occurs in the pistil of flowers.

What type of tissue differentiates to form the embryo sac?

Which of the following best describes the relationship between pollen and the pistil?

Pollen tubes do not require growth through the style to reach the ovary.

What prevents the germination of incompatible pollen on the stigma?

Which event occurs first during pollen-pistil interaction?

The developing embryo always forms before the endosperm during seed development.

What is the result of double fertilization in angiosperms?

Apomixis leads to the formation of seeds without __________.

Match the following stages of dicotyledonous embryo development with their descriptions:

Which of the following statements is true about polyembryony?

Cleistogamous flowers can facilitate cross-pollination.

What is meant by monosporic development of female gametophyte?

Which part of the flower represents the male reproductive organ?

The gynoecium is the part of the flower responsible for producing pollen grains.

List two flowers commonly used for ornamental purposes.

The _______ is the part of the flower that produces ovules.

Match the flower parts with their functions:

What is the primary function of flowers in angiosperms?

Hormonal changes signify the beginning of floral differentiation.

What does floriculture refer to?

What is the term for the process of seed formation without fertilisation?

What term describes fruits that develop from the ovary only?

Polyembryony refers to the occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed.

Seeds can remain viable for only a few weeks after dispersal.

Name a plant species known for producing a large number of seeds.

Fruits of some parasitic species such as Orobanche and ______ contain a very large number of seeds.

What is the term for seed development without fertilization?

The oldest viable seed was that of __________, which germinated after 10,000 years of dormancy.

Match the following plants with their associated fruit type:

What common characteristic do hybrid seeds have?

Which of the following is a benefit of seeds for angiosperms?

Every Ficus tree produces a consistent number of seeds every year.

What kind of genes do apomictic embryos represent?

False fruits only develop from the ovary of the flower.

Seeds develop better adaptive strategies for __________ to colonize new habitats.

What is the primary function of the tapetum in an anther?

The microsporangium is generally surrounded by three wall layers.

A typical angiosperm anther is described as being __________ with two theca.

During microsporogenesis, what type of divisions do the cells of the sporogenous tissue undergo?

The anther is a six-sided structure containing six microsporangia.

What is the ploidy level of the cells in a microspore tetrad?

What is the process called that leads to the formation of microspores from a pollen mother cell?

The microspores dissociate and develop into pollen grains while the anthers are still maturing.

What material makes up the hard outer layer of the pollen grain?

The inner wall of the pollen grain is called the _____

Match the following parts of the pollen grain with their descriptions:

Which of the following statements about pollen grains is true?

Sporopollenin is known to be easily degraded by environmental factors.

What happens to pollen grains when the anther dehisces?

What type of pollination allows for the transfer of pollen grains between flowers of the same plant?

Cleistogamous flowers require pollinators for seed set.

Which type of pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains from one plant to another, leading to genetic diversity?

Cleistogamous flowers ensure seed-set even in the absence of __________.

Match the following types of pollination with their characteristics:

What type of agents do the majority of plants use for pollination?

Geitonogamy results in genetically distinct offspring.

Name one abiotic agent utilized in pollination.

What is the primary function of the coleorrhiza?

Albuminous seeds contain no residual endosperm.

What part of the seed facilitates the entry of oxygen and water during germination?

The wall of the ovary develops into the __________ after fertilization.

Match the type of seed with its characteristic:

Which of these fruits is classified as fleshy?

Dormancy is a state of activity in seeds.

What is the term for the seed coat that protects seeds as they develop?

Which of the following mechanisms prevents self-pollination in flowering plants?

Pollen/nectar robbers do contribute to the pollination process.

What is the term used to describe flowers that have both male and female reproductive structures?

In some flowering plant species, the genetic mechanism that prevents self-pollen from fertilizing the ovules is called __________.

Match the following types of flower arrangements with their descriptions:

Which of the following flowers would be most likely to attract specific pollinators?

Geitonogamy refers to pollination that occurs within the same flower.

What does a flower need to have contact with in order to achieve successful pollination?

What type of flowers are primarily targeted by insect pollinators?

Flowers that are pollinated by flies and beetles typically secrete pleasant fragrances.

What are the usual floral rewards provided to attract animal visitors?

The body of the animal gets a coating of ______, which helps in pollination.

Match the following floral features with their purposes:

Which element of the flower facilitates the contact needed for pollination?

The tallest flower, Amorphophallus, provides safe places for moths to lay their eggs.

What is one example of a plant that forms a mutual relationship with a moth for pollination?

What is apomixis in flowering plants?

Polyembryony refers to the occurrence of multiple seeds in a single fruit.

Name one flowering plant that produces a large number of seeds.

The process of seed formation without fertilization is called __________.

What happens in polyembryony?

What genetic nature do apomictic embryos have?

Hybrid seeds can be regenerated from saved seeds of hybrid plants.

What is the first cell type formed during syngamy in double fertilization?

Endosperm development occurs after the embryo development.

What is the primary outcome of meiosis in the megaspore mother cell (MMC)?

The functional megaspore is the only megaspore that develops into the female gametophyte.

What is double fertilization?

The primary endosperm cell becomes the _____ during seed development.

What term describes the method of embryo sac formation from a single megaspore?

The embryo sac undergoes mitotic divisions that are strictly _____ nuclear.

During the pollination process, what happens after the stigma becomes receptive?

Match the stages of the embryo sac development with the number of nuclei:

The central cell becomes the primary endosperm cell after triple fusion.

Which of the following cells constitutes the egg apparatus in the embryo sac?

The functional megaspore is produced from the MMC without undergoing any cell divisions.

What is the significance of the endosperm in seed development?

How many nuclei are typically found in the mature embryo sac?

What major contribution did Panchanan Maheshwari make to education?

Panchanan Maheshwari focused primarily on the study of animal physiology.

Panchanan Maheshwari was instrumental in introducing the use of embryological characters in ______.

Which of the following statements correctly describes Panchanan Maheshwari's work on fertilization?

Which of the following external agents can assist in pollination?

Autogamy is a type of pollination that occurs between different flowers.

What is the typical cellular structure found at the micropylar tip of synergids that aids in guiding pollen tubes?

The embryo sac contains ____ nuclei in total.

Which structure in flowering plants is responsible for housing the female gametes?

In cleistogamous flowers, the anthers and stigma are typically far apart.

How many cells are present in a typical mature angiosperm embryo sac?

What is the function of sporopollenin in pollen grains?

Pollen grains are typically oval in shape.

What are the two layers of a pollen grain wall called?

The process of forming microspores from a pollen mother cell is called __________.

Match the following terms related to pollen grains with their definitions:

What happens to the microspores as the anthers mature?

The presence of sporopollenin prevents pollen grains from decaying and allows them to be preserved as fossils.

What is the significance of germ pores in pollen grains?

What is the name of the stage in endosperm development characterized by free nuclei?

Coconut water is composed of cellular endosperm.

What structure develops at the micropylar end of the embryo sac?

The cylindrical portion of the embryonal axis below the level of cotyledons is called the _____ .

Which structure is termed the root tip in a dicotyledonous embryo?

Embryos of monocotyledons possess two cotyledons.

The portion of the embryonal axis above the level of cotyledons is called the _____ .

What term describes the type of seed production that occurs without fertilization?

Polyembryony refers to the occurrence of only one embryo within a seed.

Name one flowering plant known for producing a large number of seeds.

In some species, _______________ cells surrounding the embryo sac can develop into embryos.

Which part of a flowering plant contains multiple ovules?

Every flowering plant produces seeds produced by fertilization.

Which of the following describes a unique adaptation of flower structures in water-pollinated species?

What can happen if hybrid seeds are collected and sown?

Animal-pollinated plants generally require brighter colored flowers to attract various pollinators.

Name two common pollinating agents among animals.

Pollen grains in some water-pollinated species are protected by a _____ covering.

Match the following pollinating agents with their characteristics:

Pollen grains in animal-pollinated flowers are typically long and ribbon-like.

Both wind and water-pollinated flowers do not produce ______.

What is the primary function of the vegetative cell in a mature pollen grain?

In most angiosperms, pollen grains are shed at the 3-celled stage.

What can cause severe allergies and bronchial afflictions in some individuals?

Pollen grains lose viability within _____ minutes after being released in some cereals like rice and wheat.

Match the following pollen grain stages with their characteristics:

What is a common use of pollen products in western countries?

What is a significant danger associated with Parthenium or carrot grass?

Pollen grains can remain viable for many years when stored in liquid nitrogen.

What happens if the pollen transferred to the pistil is of the incompatible type?

The pistil's ability to recognize pollen is solely based on genetic compatibility.

Which part of the seed serves as the storage for food reserves?

What is the role of the pollen tube in the fertilization process?

Albuminous seeds retain part of the endosperm during embryo development.

The dialogue between pollen grain and pistil is mediated by ______ components.

What is the role of the micropyle in a seed?

What promotes post-pollination events leading to fertilization?

In most angiosperms, seeds are formed inside __________.

Match the components with their functions in the pollination process:

The interaction between pollen and the pistil occurs entirely after fertilization.

Match the following types of seeds with their characteristics:

What is dormancy in the context of seeds?

What is the outcome if the pistil accepts compatible pollen?

Both the ovules and the ovary develop simultaneously into seeds and fruits, respectively.

Name one example of a fleshy fruit.

What factor primarily attracts animals to flowers for pollination?

Flowers pollinated by flies and beetles secrete pleasant fragrances to attract these animals.

What rewards do flowers typically provide to attract animal visitors?

The body of the animal gets coated with _____ grains during pollination.

Match the following types of pollinators with their related characteristics:

Which of the following describes a unique relationship between certain flowers and pollinators?

Animal-pollinated flowers can simply rely on their size to attract visitors.

Name one example of a flower that is tall and attracts specific pollinators due to its height.

What is the initial condition in which pollen grains are shed in some plants?

The process of bagging is performed to allow for cross-pollination.

What is the term used for the process of removing anthers from the flower bud to prevent self-pollination?

Pollen tubes carry the two male gametes from the _____ condition.

Match the following pollination techniques with their purposes:

What facilitates the entry of the pollen tube into the ovule?

What is the duration of time you should observe the slide under a microscope after dusting with pollen?

Pollen-pistil interaction is a dynamic and static process.

Apomixis is the process that allows plants to produce seeds without fertilization.

What are the two types of cell division that occur during microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis?

The developing embryo passes through several stages including the __________ and heart-shaped stages before maturation.

Which structure develops into the endosperm during fertilization?

Cleistogamous flowers are capable of cross-pollination.

What feature helps protect pollen grains from wetting in many water-pollinated species?

All water-pollinated plants have their female flowers above water.

Name one group of animals that are dominant biotic pollinators.

Flowers of animal-pollinated plants are specifically adapted for a particular species of _____.

Match the following pollination methods with their characteristics:

Why are most wind and water pollinated flowers not very colorful?

In addition to insects, larger animals like primates can also act as pollinators.

Pollen grains in water-pollinated plants are often described as _____ and ribbon-like.

What is the primary process by which pollen mother cells form microspores?

Pollen grains are typically measured in millimeters.

Match the following components of the pollen grain with their characteristics:

Which feature of sporopollenin contributes to the preservation of pollen grains as fossils?

Microspores develop into pollen grains while they are still in the microsporangium.

What is the role of germ pores in pollen grains?

What is the typical ploidy of the cells in a microspore tetrad?

The tapetum wall layer in the anther is responsible for the protection and dehiscence of the anther.

What structure in the anther develops into pollen sacs?

A typical angiosperm anther is described as being __________ in structure.

Match the components of a microsporangium with their functions:

What is the function of sporogenous tissue in the anther?

In a transverse section, the microsporangium has a circular outline.

How many microsporangia are typically located at the corners of an anther?

What is the primary reason animals are attracted to insect-pollinated flowers?

Flowers that are pollinated by flies and beetles emit sweet fragrances to attract these insects.

What are the two usual floral rewards provided to animals by insect-pollinated flowers?

When an animal comes in contact with the anthers and stigma, it facilitates __________.

Match the flowers with their attraction methods:

What type of floral mechanism is utilized by flowers that cluster small flowers into an inflorescence?

Pollen grains are generally sticky in all types of flowers.

Name one species that has a mutual dependency between a moth and a plant.

What happens if the pollen that lands on the stigma is incompatible?

The pollen tube grows through the style even if the pollen is of the wrong type.

What mediates the dialogue between pollen grains and the pistil?

If the pistil recognizes the pollen as compatible, it promotes ________ events that lead to fertilization.

Match the processes involved in pollen-pistil interaction with their descriptions:

Which statement accurately describes the role of the pistil in pollination?

Pistils are incapable of recognizing pollen grains from the same plant species.

What is the first step that occurs once compatible pollen lands on the stigma?

What event occurs during double fertilization in angiosperms?

Monosporic development of the female gametophyte results in the formation of one functional megaspore.

What is the primary product of triple fusion in angiosperms?

Apomixis allows for the formation of seeds without __________.

Match the parts of the angiosperm flower with their roles in gametophyte development:

Which of the following stages is NOT a part of dicotyledonous embryo development?

Self-incompatibility prevents successful fertilization even in compatible mating types.

Name the phenomenon where more than one embryo develops in a seed.