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Questions and Answers
What type of seed is developed and maintained by recognized plant breeders?
What type of seed is developed and maintained by recognized plant breeders?
For most self-pollinated crops, what is the generation of Select Seed?
For most self-pollinated crops, what is the generation of Select Seed?
What distinguishes Foundation Seed from Breeder Seed?
What distinguishes Foundation Seed from Breeder Seed?
Which class of seed is described as the first generation for most open-pollinated crops?
Which class of seed is described as the first generation for most open-pollinated crops?
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In seed crop certification, what is emphasized to ensure high quality seed production?
In seed crop certification, what is emphasized to ensure high quality seed production?
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What is the role of the CSGA in seed certification?
What is the role of the CSGA in seed certification?
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How is Certified Seed produced for sale to farmers?
How is Certified Seed produced for sale to farmers?
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What is NOT a requirement for successful seed crop certification?
What is NOT a requirement for successful seed crop certification?
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What is the primary purpose of the Plant Breeders’ Right (PBR) legislation in Canada?
What is the primary purpose of the Plant Breeders’ Right (PBR) legislation in Canada?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that a new variety must possess according to PBR standards?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that a new variety must possess according to PBR standards?
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What is the recommended procedure for the roguing of probation and select plots?
What is the recommended procedure for the roguing of probation and select plots?
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Which organization is responsible for the implementation of PBR in Canada?
Which organization is responsible for the implementation of PBR in Canada?
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What must be recorded and described on the Report of Plot Production (Form 50) while roguing?
What must be recorded and described on the Report of Plot Production (Form 50) while roguing?
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What crops should NOT be grown on land that produced a crop of a different variety of Wheat in the preceding 2 years?
What crops should NOT be grown on land that produced a crop of a different variety of Wheat in the preceding 2 years?
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What is the minimum isolation distance required for inspected pedigreed Wheat of the same variety?
What is the minimum isolation distance required for inspected pedigreed Wheat of the same variety?
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Which of the following crops should be inspected as pedigreed to meet the isolation requirements with respect to Triticale?
Which of the following crops should be inspected as pedigreed to meet the isolation requirements with respect to Triticale?
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What should be the status of all crops for pedigree regarding prohibited noxious weeds?
What should be the status of all crops for pedigree regarding prohibited noxious weeds?
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What is the isolation distance required for different varieties of Triticale?
What is the isolation distance required for different varieties of Triticale?
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Which crops mentioned require a minimum isolation distance of 3 meters (10 feet) from the same variety?
Which crops mentioned require a minimum isolation distance of 3 meters (10 feet) from the same variety?
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What happens to crops that are very weedy in terms of their pedigreed status?
What happens to crops that are very weedy in terms of their pedigreed status?
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When are different varieties of Wheat considered a problem for isolation?
When are different varieties of Wheat considered a problem for isolation?
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What exclusive rights does the holder of PBR have regarding the variety?
What exclusive rights does the holder of PBR have regarding the variety?
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How long is the term for Plant Breeder's Rights after the Certificate is issued?
How long is the term for Plant Breeder's Rights after the Certificate is issued?
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Which of the following countries is not a UPOV member?
Which of the following countries is not a UPOV member?
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In which category would the common name 'Grapevine' fall under for PBR eligibility?
In which category would the common name 'Grapevine' fall under for PBR eligibility?
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What must a holder of PBR potentially receive for the use of the variety?
What must a holder of PBR potentially receive for the use of the variety?
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Which of the following is a botanical name for an eligible PBR variety?
Which of the following is a botanical name for an eligible PBR variety?
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What does the term 'sensus lato' in the botanical name signify?
What does the term 'sensus lato' in the botanical name signify?
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Which propagating material does the holder of PBR need to produce another variety?
Which propagating material does the holder of PBR need to produce another variety?
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What is the maximum number of plants of another variety allowed in a soybean plot within 20,000 plants?
What is the maximum number of plants of another variety allowed in a soybean plot within 20,000 plants?
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How far apart should the rows be planted for crops like Bean and Lentil?
How far apart should the rows be planted for crops like Bean and Lentil?
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Which item should plots be located away from to prevent contamination?
Which item should plots be located away from to prevent contamination?
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In a fababean plot, what is the maximum impurity standard for plants of another variety?
In a fababean plot, what is the maximum impurity standard for plants of another variety?
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What should be done to facilitate the effective removal of off-type plants?
What should be done to facilitate the effective removal of off-type plants?
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Why is it beneficial to provide more isolation than the minimum required when planting plots?
Why is it beneficial to provide more isolation than the minimum required when planting plots?
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What is the maximum allowable number of plants of other crop kinds that can be difficult to separate in a plot?
What is the maximum allowable number of plants of other crop kinds that can be difficult to separate in a plot?
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Which of the following crops does NOT require rows to be sown over 18 cm apart?
Which of the following crops does NOT require rows to be sown over 18 cm apart?
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What is the purpose of the blue Certified tag on seed crops?
What is the purpose of the blue Certified tag on seed crops?
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Which of the following is a requirement for soybean crop certification?
Which of the following is a requirement for soybean crop certification?
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What is indicated by the term 'limited generation concept' in seed crop certification?
What is indicated by the term 'limited generation concept' in seed crop certification?
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Which crop has specific land requirements involving non-pedigreed crops of Barley, Buckwheat, Durum, Oat, Rye, or Wheat?
Which crop has specific land requirements involving non-pedigreed crops of Barley, Buckwheat, Durum, Oat, Rye, or Wheat?
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Which of the following statements about certified seed crops is true?
Which of the following statements about certified seed crops is true?
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What is NOT a land requirement for soybean certification?
What is NOT a land requirement for soybean certification?
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Why is seed crop certification important for farmers?
Why is seed crop certification important for farmers?
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What is a common restriction for land used for Triticale crop certification?
What is a common restriction for land used for Triticale crop certification?
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What must be done to maintain the quality of probation and select plots throughout the crop season?
What must be done to maintain the quality of probation and select plots throughout the crop season?
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Which attribute does NOT define a new variety according to PBR standards?
Which attribute does NOT define a new variety according to PBR standards?
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What is the main goal of the Plant Breeders’ Right (PBR) legislation in Canada?
What is the main goal of the Plant Breeders’ Right (PBR) legislation in Canada?
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Which body is responsible for overseeing the implementation of plant breeders’ rights in Canada?
Which body is responsible for overseeing the implementation of plant breeders’ rights in Canada?
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Which outcome is expected from the implementation of PBR legislation?
Which outcome is expected from the implementation of PBR legislation?
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What is the primary goal of the Seeds Act and Regulations in Canada?
What is the primary goal of the Seeds Act and Regulations in Canada?
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement for variety registration in Canada?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for variety registration in Canada?
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What was a significant amendment to the Seeds Act in 1923?
What was a significant amendment to the Seeds Act in 1923?
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What does the Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) aim to do?
What does the Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) aim to do?
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Which of the following is included in the Seed Regulations under the Seeds Act?
Which of the following is included in the Seed Regulations under the Seeds Act?
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When must varieties be registered according to the Seeds Act?
When must varieties be registered according to the Seeds Act?
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What is a Crop Registration Certificate used for?
What is a Crop Registration Certificate used for?
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What does the term ‘noxious weed’ refer to in the context of the Seeds Act?
What does the term ‘noxious weed’ refer to in the context of the Seeds Act?
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What class of seed is produced from Foundation or Registered seed by CSGA seed growers?
What class of seed is produced from Foundation or Registered seed by CSGA seed growers?
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What is the second generation of seed for most self-pollinated crops?
What is the second generation of seed for most self-pollinated crops?
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Which seed class is primarily intended for the production of commercial crops?
Which seed class is primarily intended for the production of commercial crops?
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the seed crop certification process?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the seed crop certification process?
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Which seed is the first generation from Breeder Seed for self-pollinated crops?
Which seed is the first generation from Breeder Seed for self-pollinated crops?
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What kind of seed is defined as one generation, unless otherwise specified by the breeder?
What kind of seed is defined as one generation, unless otherwise specified by the breeder?
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Which organization is responsible for enforcing the high standards in the seed crop certification process?
Which organization is responsible for enforcing the high standards in the seed crop certification process?
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What does the term 'rogued for off-types' refer to in the context of Foundation Seed?
What does the term 'rogued for off-types' refer to in the context of Foundation Seed?
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What is the maximum allowable number of plants of another variety or off-type in a soybean plot per approximately 20,000 plants?
What is the maximum allowable number of plants of another variety or off-type in a soybean plot per approximately 20,000 plants?
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What is the recommended row spacing for crops such as Bean, Chickpea, and Lentil?
What is the recommended row spacing for crops such as Bean, Chickpea, and Lentil?
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Which of the following statements about the isolation distance is true?
Which of the following statements about the isolation distance is true?
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What maximum number of plants of other crop kinds can be present in a plot to meet impurity standards?
What maximum number of plants of other crop kinds can be present in a plot to meet impurity standards?
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Which factor is NOT a recommended procedure for planting plots to facilitate inspection?
Which factor is NOT a recommended procedure for planting plots to facilitate inspection?
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What is the maximum number of plants of another variety allowed in a fababean plot per approximately 20,000 plants?
What is the maximum number of plants of another variety allowed in a fababean plot per approximately 20,000 plants?
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What is the primary reason for planting plots away from roadways and building sites?
What is the primary reason for planting plots away from roadways and building sites?
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What is a key consideration when choosing land for planting that is specified in the guidelines?
What is a key consideration when choosing land for planting that is specified in the guidelines?
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Which botanical name corresponds to Kentucky Bluegrass?
Which botanical name corresponds to Kentucky Bluegrass?
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What is the common name for the botanical name Prunus persica?
What is the common name for the botanical name Prunus persica?
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Which of the following crops is eligible for Plant Breeders’ Rights?
Which of the following crops is eligible for Plant Breeders’ Rights?
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What is the primary purpose of the OCCC performance trial?
What is the primary purpose of the OCCC performance trial?
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Which common name is associated with the botanical name Euphorbia pulcherrima?
Which common name is associated with the botanical name Euphorbia pulcherrima?
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When a line enters the second year orthogonal trial, how many pre-breeder headrows are planted?
When a line enters the second year orthogonal trial, how many pre-breeder headrows are planted?
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What is the botanical name for Lentil?
What is the botanical name for Lentil?
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Which of the following belongs to the category of 'Mustard'?
Which of the following belongs to the category of 'Mustard'?
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What does the blue Certified tag signify in seed certification?
What does the blue Certified tag signify in seed certification?
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Which crop is NOT allowed to be grown on land that produced a non-pedigreed crop of Soybean in the previous year?
Which crop is NOT allowed to be grown on land that produced a non-pedigreed crop of Soybean in the previous year?
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What is meant by the term 'limited generation concept' in seed crop certification?
What is meant by the term 'limited generation concept' in seed crop certification?
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What is a requirement for land used in Triticale crop certification?
What is a requirement for land used in Triticale crop certification?
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Which of the following is NOT a land requirement for Triticale crop certification?
Which of the following is NOT a land requirement for Triticale crop certification?
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What gives farmers access to seed of superior performance?
What gives farmers access to seed of superior performance?
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For soybean crop certification, which statement about land used in previous years is true?
For soybean crop certification, which statement about land used in previous years is true?
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What is the primary benefit of seed crop certification for farmers?
What is the primary benefit of seed crop certification for farmers?
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Study Notes
Regulations Concerning Plant Breeding
- MBG4160 - PLNT 6340
- Fall 2024
The Seeds Act
- Federal legislation governing seed testing, inspection, quality, and sale in Canada.
Plant Breeders' Rights
- Establishes plant breeder rights related to developed varieties.
- Aims to increase the economic viability of Canadian agriculture by providing legal protection for intellectual property in improved varieties.
Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV)
- Legal organization recognizing the importance of protecting plant varieties.
- Provides a framework for protecting plant varieties based on intellectual property.
- Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
- There are 21 member countries.
- Canada has been a member since 1991.
Procedures for the Registration of Crop Varieties in Canada
- Outlines the steps and details for registering crop varieties in Canada.
The Seed Act (Details)
- Established in 1905, setting minimum standards for pure seed, weed content, and germination.
- Amended in 1911 and 1923 to include seed grading, tagging, and sealing of pedigreed seed under government inspection.
- Incorporated Canadian Seed Growers' Association standards.
- Introduced a crop registration certificate in 1937.
Seed Regulations
- Includes specifics on grade standards, weed seed contamination, grade/status, seed quality, variety names, marketing and labeling, units of measurement, sampling, sample size, seed testing, seed importation of unregistered varieties in Canada.
Variety Registration
- All varieties introduced after Dec 12, 1985, require registration, including variety name, kind and registration number.
- Application demands variety names (scientific and common), pedigree description, origin, history, and breeding process.
- Registration recommendations are important from the recommending committee. Information about other countries practices could be useful.
- Considerations for seed maintenance, Canadian breeding organization, and distributors are essential.
Registration (Continued)
- Includes a certificate of registration.
- Offers interim registration for specific time periods.
- Covers genetic changes to crop varieties and their impact on registration.
Seed Classes and Generations
- Categorization of seed classes, highlighting varieties of wheat, soybean, triticale, rye, peanut, pea, oat, lupin, flax, lentil, faba bean, bean, and barley.
- Distinctions between breeder seed, select seed, foundation seed, registered seed, and certified seed, including their respective generations.
Seed Crop Certification
- A program for planned production, record keeping, unbiased inspections, and rigid standards for producing high-quality variety-specific seed.
- Uses traditional methods or biotechnology to enhance crop varieties.
- Vital links exist between plant breeders and farmers.
Certified Seed
- Derives from a seed crop with a CSGA certificate, labelled with a certified tag, and graded with a Canada pedigreed grade name.
- High-quality standards and dependable performance are associated with certified seeds.
- Limited generation concept to maintain variety-specific characteristics.
- Expansion of new varieties for farmers is a key aspect of seed certification.
Summary of CSGA Requirements for Seed Crop Certification (Circular 6)
- Outlines the requirements under CSGA for seed crop certification.
- Includes sections on applications, general regulations, specific crop sections, parent seed eligibility requirements, previous land use requirements, crop standards, isolation, weed standards, and variety description details.
Land Plot Requirements
- Specific criteria for crops like soybeans, Triticale (spring and winter), and wheat (winter), including land plots, regulations, and history of land use are detailed.
Isolation Plot Requirements
- Isolation distances between different plant varieties are essential for certain crops (triticale, wheat).
- Inspections for off-types and contamination are required.
Weeds and Maximum Impurity Standards
- All crops for pedigree must be weed-free of prohibited noxious weeds. This is a key requirement.
- Very weedy crops are disallowed from pedigree.
- Maximum impurity standards are based on counts of plants from a 20,000-plant sample, preventing contamination.
- Impurity standards are based on counts of plants from a 20,000-plant sample, which includes standards for different crops like soybeans and fababeans.
Planting of Plots
- Plots should be laid out to facilitate inspections, removal of off-types, other varieties, and weeds.
- Rules are given for certain kinds of beans, chickpeas, and several other crops based on spacing and the need to protect against outside contamination.
Roguing of Plots
- Thorough and intensive roguing throughout the crop season is required.
- Careful record keeping is crucial to properly track and remove unwanted plants.
Official Seed Tags
- Diagrams of different seed tags for visual identification.
- This section includes detailed labeling data for different seed types.
Protection of Intellectual Property (UPOV)
- Provides plant breeders' rights (PBR) in Canada.
Plant Breeders' Right
- The primary reason for plant breeder's rights legislation is to enhance the economic viability of Canadian agriculture by providing protection for the intellectual property in improved varieties.
- Effective since 1990.
PBR Expectations
- Increased investments for plant breeding and variety protection.
- Better access to germplasm, increased collaboration between public and private breeders are expected.
- Better and more diverse varieties are also a key goal.
PBR Description
- Distinct, stable, and uniform varieties (DUS) are required.
- Holder of PBR has exclusive rights to sell, produce propagating material, and authorize third-party use of the variety.
- Royalty may be paid for variety use, with a 25-year term.
UPOV Member Countries
- Lists the countries that are part of the UPOV.
Categories Eligible for Plant Breeders' Rights
- Lists specific plant varieties/types that meet criteria for plant breeders' rights.
OCCC Orthogonal Pastry & Bread Trial
- Introduces OCCC entries, performance, and data analysis, including FHB index, DON assessment, pre-breeder headrows, including the use of three inoculated nurseries (Ridgetown, Elora, Ottawa).
OCCC Performance Trial
- Evaluates registered varieties in Ontario.
- Data is collected from four testing areas and twelve locations, and published at gocereals.ca.
- Includes FHB index and DON assessment.
- Focuses on ensuring quality and standards for registered varieties.
- Provides breeder seed production specifics, including plot sizes and quantities.
OAC Virgo (OAC-20-SRW-03)
- Images relate to a field trial of the OAC Virgo crop, likely from 2022, including breeder seed and variant characteristics.
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Description
Test your knowledge on seed certification, the roles of different seed classes, and the legislation surrounding plant breeding rights in Canada. This quiz covers key concepts and practices essential for maintaining high-quality seeds. Perfect for students or professionals in agronomy or plant science!
