Questions and Answers
Between tranquilizers and sedatives, which is used for its ability to reduce fear, anxiety, and cause behavioral modification (induce feeling of calm)?
Between tranquilizers and sedatives, which is used to depress the CNS and is often accompanied by drowsiness but not unconsciousness?
Between sedatives and tranquilizers, which one will allow an animal to be not completely aware, but is likely responsive to noxious stimuli?
What are the three main indications for the use of sedatives and tranquilizers?
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What are the 2 classes of major tranquilizers?
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What is the only drug type associated with minor tranquilizers?
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Major sedatives are __________ receptor agonists.
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Which of the following is not a potential therapeutic receptor site for sedatives and tranquilizers?
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What class of drugs are known to be antipsychotic and neuroleptics of the CNS?
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Phenothiazines mainly bind what receptor?
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What are the three main phenothiazine drugs?
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What is the mechanism of action for Phenothiazines?
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How is Phenothiazine considered an anti-emetic?
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What receptors do Phenothiazines typically show peripheral antagonism for?
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Dopamine NT plays an important role for brain function by acting through what 4 major pathways?
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Dopamine receptors are targets for what type of drugs?
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D1 receptor works through what GCPR? D2?
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What are the five MAJOR therapeutic clinical indications for Phenothiazines?
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What adverse effects are associated with Phenothiazines and contraindicate their use with seizure patients?
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Sedation, decrease in motor activity, and extrapyramidal symptoms are CNS effects associated with what type of drugs?
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What CVS consequence is seen with the use of Phenothiazines?
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What drug is best used for decreasing ventricular arrhythmias and is the sedative of choice for animals with mild/moderate CV disease?
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What drug should be used cautiously with local anaesthetics given by epidural/intrathecal anesthesia due to their increase in hypotensive effects?
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Phenothiazines should be avoided with patients suffering from hypotension or mild/moderate CV disease.
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Phenothiazines are known to increase malignant hyperthermia.
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Study Notes
Sedatives and Tranquilizers Overview
- Tranquilizers reduce fear and anxiety, promoting calmness and behavioral modification.
- Sedatives depress the central nervous system (CNS), inducing drowsiness without causing unconsciousness.
Effects and Uses
- Sedatives can create a state of reduced awareness while maintaining responsiveness to harmful stimuli and autonomic function control.
- Main indications for sedatives and tranquilizers: promoting calmness, chemical restraint, and as adjuncts for general anesthesia.
Drug Classification
- Major tranquilizers classified into two groups: phenothiazine derivatives and butyrophenones.
- Minor tranquilizers are exclusively benzodiazepines.
- Major sedatives function as alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonists.
Therapeutic Receptor Sites
- Potential therapeutic receptor sites for sedatives and tranquilizers include GABA receptor agonists, NMDA receptor antagonists, and multiple CNS receptors (Alpha 1, histamine, muscarinic).
- D1 receptor antagonists are not recognized as potential therapeutic sites for sedatives and tranquilizers.
Phenothiazines and Butyrophenones
- Phenothiazines and butyrophenones serve as antipsychotic and neuroleptic medications in the CNS.
- Predominant binding site for phenothiazines is the D2 receptor, inhibiting its activity.
Mechanisms of Action
- Phenothiazines block dopaminergic activity as D2 post-synaptic receptor antagonists.
- They exhibit anti-emetic properties by antagonizing the D2 receptor at the vomiting center’s chemoreceptor trigger zone.
- Peripheral antagonism by phenothiazines affects alpha 1 adrenergic receptors, leading to vasodilation.
Dopamine Pathways and Receptors
- Dopamine plays a vital role in brain function through mesolimbic, mesocortical, nigrostriatal, and tuberoinfundibular pathways.
- Antipsychotic drugs target dopamine receptors, including D1-like (D1, D5) and D2-like (D2, D3, D4).
Clinical Indications and Adverse Effects
- Major therapeutic indications for phenothiazines include sedation, anti-anxiety, pre-anesthetic sedation, anti-emetic effects, and neuroleptanalgesia.
- Adverse effects like extrapyramidal symptoms (rigidity, tremors) can induce seizures, making phenothiazines contraindicated for seizure patients.
Cardiovascular Effects
- Phenothiazines can lead to reflex tachycardia by decreasing systemic blood pressure through alpha 1 blocking.
- Acepromazine is the preferred sedative for managing ventricular arrhythmias in animals with mild to moderate cardiovascular disease.
- Use of phenothiazines must be cautious with local anesthetics due to increased hypotensive effects.
Safety Considerations
- Avoid using phenothiazines in patients with hypotension or mild to moderate cardiovascular disease, as these drugs are vasodilators.
- Phenothiazines do not increase malignant hyperthermia.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the differences between sedatives and tranquilizers with this quiz. Discover their definitions, uses, and effects on the central nervous system. Perfect for students in pharmacology or psychology courses.
