42 Questions
What is the primary function of mucus secreted by the alimentary tract? TWO ANSWERS
To provide a protective barrier against acid and enzymes
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating gastric acid secretion?
Gastrin
What is the primary function of the exocrine pancreas?
To secrete digestive enzymes
Which of the following is NOT a component of bile secreted by the liver?
Pepsin
What is the function of the tiny projections called villi and microvilli found on the folds of the small intestine?
Increase the total area for absorption
What is the primary function of the small intestine secretions?
To facilitate digestion
What is the composition of mucus secreted by mucous glands onto the gut wall? TWO ANSWERS
Made up of large polysaccharides and small quantities of protein
Which is true about mucus and the gut wall?
Adheres tightly to surfaces as a thin film
Which condition is associated with a lack of intrinsic factor, leading to pernicious anemia?
Atrophic gastritis
What is the role of blood capillaries and lacteals in the small intestine?
Move absorbed nutrients into circulation
How does mucus resist digestion by GI enzymes?
Buffers pH in the gastrointestinal tract
What are the two main secretions in the alimentary tract?
Digestive enzymes and mucus
Which glands secrete acid and pepsinogen in the stomach?
Parietal cells
What type of stimulation greatly increases glandular secretions in the alimentary tract?
Parasympathetic stimulation
How do GI hormones regulate the volume and composition of secretions?
By influencing the chemical environment in the GI lumen
How are GI hormones released into the body?
Secreted into capillary blood or diffuse locally to target cells
What triggers exocytosis of glandular cell contents to the exterior?
Permeability increase to calcium ions
What is the primary function of the serous secretion in saliva?
To digest starches via the enzyme ptyalin
Which salivary gland produces only serous secretion?
Parotid gland
What is the primary function of the mucus secretion in saliva?
To provide lubrication and protection
Which nerve stimulates the parotid gland to secrete saliva?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
What is the primary function of the esophageal secretions?
To lubricate the esophagus for swallowing
Which of the following inhibits saliva secretion?
Both A and B
Which enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing fat for digestion?
Cholesterol esterase
What is the main function of the brush border enzyme enterokinase (enteropeptidase) in the pancreas?
Activate pancreatic zymogens
Which hormone controls the secretion of pancreatic enzymes when food enters the small intestine?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
What is the primary function of the biliary tree in the digestive system?
Regulate entry of bile and pancreatic secretions
Which enzyme prevents the activation of other pancreatic zymogens in the acinar cells?
Trypsin inhibitor
In what part of the digestive system does secretin stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate ions from pancreas?
Duodenum
What is the primary role of acetylcholine in regulating pancreatic secretion?
Release of digestive enzymes
Which structure surrounds the duct where combined bile and pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum?
(Oddi) Hepatopancreatic Sphincter
'Alkaline tide' refers to a phenomenon that occurs due to the neutralization of which substance?
Hydrochloric acid
The liver produces between 500-1000 ml of bile per day.
True
Bile acids are enzymes that help in the digestion of fats.
False
The primary bile acids formed in the liver are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid.
True
In the enterohepatic circulation, 20% of bile salts are absorbed from the small intestine.
False
Bile secretion occurs in a single stage.
False
The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile, especially with fatty foods.
True
Bile salts are formed in the gallbladder from cholesterol.
False
Gallstones can form due to inflammation of the gallbladder epithelium, which changes the absorption of water and bile salts.
True
The hormone secretin stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid from the liver.
False
Bile serves as a means of excretion for bilirubin and excess cholesterol.
True
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