Secondary One History Term 1 - Civilization
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Questions and Answers

What were the four ancient civilizations commonly referred to as?

  • Desert civilizations
  • Urban civilizations
  • River valley civilizations (correct)
  • Mountain civilizations

The god Enki is associated with fire in Sumerian mythology.

False (B)

Name another important factor that contributed to the development of civilization in Mesopotamia apart from rivers.

Agriculture

Enki is commonly depicted as a half-_______, half-fish creature.

<p>goat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the Sumerian god to their main attribute or responsibility:

<p>Enki = God of water Ea = Lord of Apsu Apsu = Fresh waters beneath the earth Capricorn = Astrological sign derived from Enki</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a feature of civilization?

<p>Animal husbandry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Governments and political leaders emerged to maintain social order in civilizations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two examples of written languages developed in ancient civilizations?

<p>Cuneiform and hieroglyphics</p> Signup and view all the answers

One major feature of civilization involves the development of ________ that allows for the recording of laws and events.

<p>written languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features of civilization with their descriptions:

<p>Written languages = Records of events, laws, and trades Government and laws = Social order maintenance and legislation Architecture = Reflection of artistic and technological advancements Art and literature = Distinct cultural expressions and styles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of civilization reflects artistic and technological development?

<p>Architecture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Art and literature are unimportant aspects of civilization.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one reason why written languages were important for civilizations.

<p>To keep records of events, trades, and laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key features of advanced economies in ancient civilizations?

<p>Use of barter and trade (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of written language was only focused on communication and not on art forms like poetry.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one characteristic of the complex and organized religions of ancient civilizations.

<p>Elaborate rituals and ceremonies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ancient civilizations often experienced a surplus in _____ due to advanced agriculture.

<p>food</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ancient civilization features with their descriptions:

<p>Urbanization = Growth of large urban settlements Job specialization = People performing different functions Scientific development = Understanding the natural world Religion = Structured belief systems and rituals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rivers were crucial to the development of Sumer in Mesopotamia?

<p>Euphrates and Tigris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Mediterranean climate in the Fertile Crescent includes mild and rainy winters and hot dry summers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason ancient civilizations developed new inventions and practical tools?

<p>To meet the needs of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of civilization?

<p>Nomadic lifestyles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Art and literature contribute to a highly developed culture and can include various forms such as ________ and music.

<p>painting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of civilization reflects artistic and technological progress?

<p>Architecture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of written language was solely focused on communication.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one major feature of civilization related to community structure.

<p>Government and laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic made ancient civilizations thrive in river valleys?

<p>Access to fresh water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enki is primarily associated with the sea and sea creatures in Sumerian mythology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Enki in Sumerian mythology?

<p>Enki is the god of water and creator of man, who fixed boundaries and assigned roles to gods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Sumerian civilization evolved around the _______ rivers.

<p>Tigris and Euphrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Sumerian gods with their attributes:

<p>Enki = God of water and creation Ea = Lord of fresh waters Inanna = Goddess of love and war Ninhursag = Goddess of fertility and earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT typically associated with ancient civilizations?

<p>Nomadic lifestyles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Written language in ancient civilizations developed solely for practical purposes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What natural features played a significant role in the development of early civilizations such as Mesopotamia?

<p>Rivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two major rivers identified as crucial to the growth of Sumer in Mesopotamia are the __________ and the __________.

<p>Euphrates, Tigris</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of civilizations with their descriptions:

<p>Advanced economy = Use of money and bartering Urbanization = Growth of cities as civilization centers Art and literature = Forms of expression like poetry and calligraphy Religious beliefs = Complex belief systems often linked to nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a common aspect of advanced economic activities in ancient civilizations?

<p>Job specialization and surplus production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All ancient civilizations developed without the influence of their ancestors' experiences.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name a factor that contributed to urbanization in ancient civilizations.

<p>Public infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the major population group of Hong Kong until the 10th century?

<p>Yue and Yao People (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the literal translation of the word "Hakka"?

<p>Guests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred name for "Boat People"?

<p>Tanka</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Fuklo (Hoklo) originally settled in Hong Kong around the 12th century.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of dwellings are known as "walled villages"?

<p>圍村</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dialect did both the Cantonese and Hakka people speak?

<p>Cantonese (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group traditionally made their living from fishing and pearl diving?

<p>Boat People (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the historical buildings that honored the ancestors of a particular clan?

<p>Ancestral Halls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both boys and girls could receive education in early Hong Kong.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five major clans in the New Territories?

<p>The Tangs, The Mans, The Lius, The Haus, The Pangs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Jinshi 進士 represent in early Hong Kong?

<p>A Jinshi was a scholar who passed the Imperial Examinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Man Tin Cheung 文天祥?

<p>Man Tin Cheung was a famous patriotic hero of the Southern Sung Dynasty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the four ancient civilizations discussed in the text?

<p>River valley civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a feature of civilization as described in the provided text?

<p>Domestication of animals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Fertile Crescent is located in modern-day Iraq and Syria.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two main rivers that shaped the Fertile Crescent?

<p>The Euphrates and the Tigris</p> Signup and view all the answers

What god is specifically mentioned in the text in relation to Mesopotamian water and creation myths?

<p>Ea (or Enki)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides rivers, what is another crucial factor mentioned in the text that contributed to the development of civilization in Mesopotamia?

<p>Mediterranean climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these was NOT mentioned as a major clan that settled in the New Territories during the Sung and Ming Dynasties?

<p>Song (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Hakka people build to protect themselves from bandits and pirates?

<p>Walled villages</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Cantonese people primarily rely on for their livelihood?

<p>Agriculture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which religious figures were specifically mentioned as being worshipped by the Cantonese and Hakka people?

<p>Chou Wong Yi Kung, Kwan Tai, and Pao Kung</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Tanka people were allowed to participate in the Imperial Examinations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant way the Hakka people traded and cooperated with the Cantonese?

<p>Salt-making, brick making, quarrying, and stone cutting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Civilization Definition

A complex society with advanced features, including writing, government, architecture, art, and literature.

Written Language Feature

A system of symbols used to record events, trades, food, laws, and government. It also includes creative aspects like poetry and calligraphy.

Government & Laws Feature

Organized systems for maintaining order and establishing rules, including political leaders like kings and officials.

Architecture Feature

Large buildings and monuments showing artistic and technological advancements, involving many specialists.

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Art & Literature Feature

Developed cultural expressions through various art forms like painting, pottery, sculpture, music, and literature, displaying unique styles.

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Key Civilization Features

Civilizations are recognized by a complex system of writing, laws, government systems, architectural works, and artistic displays.

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Fertile Crescent

A region in the Middle East known for its rich soil and favorable environment, crucial for early agriculture.

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Environmental Conditions

Natural factors like climate and geography impacting the development of civilizations.

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Mesopotamian River Valley Civilization

Ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia developed near rivers because rivers provided water for agriculture, transportation, and trade.

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Mesopotamian Civilization's Growth Factors

Besides rivers, fertile land, food supply, and trade routes are critical components that supported the growth and development of Mesopotamia.

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Ea (or Enki)

Important Mesopotamian god of water, associated with fresh underground water; evolved from a local deity.

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Sumerian Myth of Enki

Enki, in Sumerian myth, is believed to have established boundaries for nations and assigned roles to gods.

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Sumerian Cylinder Seal

Archaeological artifact, likely representing a Sumerian god and attendants.

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River Valley Civilizations

Early civilizations that developed along major rivers, like the Tigris and Euphrates.

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Mesopotamia

An area in the Fertile Crescent, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Known as the cradle of civilization.

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Advanced Agriculture

Sophisticated farming practices that resulted in surpluses (more food than needed).

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Job Specialization

Different people perform different jobs to meet society's needs.

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Monetary Systems

Using money for trade.

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Urbanization

The growth of cities.

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Public infrastructure

Essential facilities in cities (roads, buildings, bridges).

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Civilization Features

A complex society with characteristics that include written language, government, architecture, art, and literature.

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What does the Fertile Crescent provide?

The Fertile Crescent offered favorable conditions for agriculture, including rich soil and a suitable climate, allowing early civilizations to flourish.

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What are the 6 main features of civilization?

The six main features of civilization are: written language, government, laws, architecture, art, and literature.

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Importance of Rivers

Rivers provided water for agriculture, transportation, and trade which helped civilizations grow in river valleys.

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What makes a civilization advanced?

Advanced features such as writing, government, architecture, art, and literature are key indicators of a complex civilization.

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Mediterranean Climate

A climate with mild, rainy winters and warm, dry summers, common in the Mediterranean region and the Fertile Crescent.

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Surplus

Having more of something than needed, often referring to food in the context of early civilizations.

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Mesopotamia: Cradle of Civilization

Region located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Fertile Crescent, known for its early development of complex societies and innovations.

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Why River Valley Civilizations Thrive?

Rivers provided essential resources for early civilizations, including fertile land for agriculture, transportation routes for trade, and water for drinking and irrigation.

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Hong Kong's Early Inhabitants

The Yue and Yao people were the major population of Hong Kong until the 10th century, when the Han people began migrating from the mainland.

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Puntis: Hong Kong's First Settlers

The Puntis were the earliest group to settle in Hong Kong, migrating from Canton (Guangdong) in the 10th century. They lived in walled villages and spoke the Wai Tau dialect of Cantonese.

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Hakka: 'Guests' of Hong Kong

The Hakka, meaning 'guests', arrived in Hong Kong during the 17th century from Guangdong and Hokkien (Fujian). They spoke Hakka and settled in mountainous regions.

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Boat People: Life on the Water

The Boat People, also known as the Tanka, lived primarily on boats and spoke Cantonese and Hokkien. They were often discriminated against and ineligible for the Imperial Examination.

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Fuklo: Eastern Waters Dwellers

The Fuklo, originally from Fujian and Eastern Guangdong regions, settled in Hong Kong around the 11th century. They spoke Hokkien and mostly lived on boats.

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Walled Villages: Protection

Cantonese and Hakka people built walled villages to protect themselves from bandits and pirates. These villages, such as Lo Wai, Kat Hing Wai, and Sam Tung Uk Village, had walls and moats.

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Stilt Houses: Boat People Dwellings

The Boat People and Fuklo often lived in stilt houses, raised on stilts above the water. These houses were typically made of wood, grass, and iron.

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Puntis: Farming Lifestyle

The Puntis were mainly farmers, growing crops for sustenance and selling their produce in bazaars or market towns. They were largely self-sufficient.

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Hakka: Diverse Occupations

The Hakka practiced agriculture, engaged in salt-making, brick making, quarrying, and stone cutting. They also traded with the Cantonese.

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Boat People & Fuklo: Maritime Trades

The Boat People and Fuklo were heavily involved in maritime trades like oyster farming, pearl diving, and salt production. Some areas like Kowloon Bay and Tai Po were important salt-making centers.

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Ancestor Worship: Respecting the Past

All four dialect groups practiced ancestor worship, showing reverence for their ancestors and seeking their blessings. They built Ancestral Halls to honor their lineage.

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Popular Deities in Early Hong Kong

The people of early Hong Kong worshipped various deities, including Chou Wong Yi Kung, Kwan Tai, Pao Kung, and sea deities like Tin Hau and Hung Shing.

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Traditional Festivals: Celebrating Culture

The inhabitants of early Hong Kong celebrated traditional festivals like Tin Hau and Hung Shing Festivals, honoring sea deities and expressing cultural beliefs.

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Education in Ancestral Halls

Ancestral halls and study halls served as schools in early Hong Kong. Boys received education in Confucianism and calligraphy, aiming to pass the civil service examination.

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Clans: Family Ties

A clan is a large group of families sharing a common ancestry and surname. The Puntis had about 40 clans in the New Territories.

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Five Great Clans: New Territories Influence

Five major clans, including the Tangs, Mans, Lius, Haus, and Pangs, settled in the New Territories during the Sung and Ming Dynasties. They held great economic and social power, owning land and establishing market towns.

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Tang Clan: The Jinshi Lineage

The Tang clan, with ancestor Tang Fu Hip, settled in Kam Ting and established market towns like Yuen Long and Taipo. Tang Fu Hip was a Jinshi, a prestigious title achieved through the Imperial Examination.

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Man Clan: Patriotic Roots

The Man clan, with ancestor Man Mang Sheung, settled in San Tin, Taipo. Their ancestor was a cousin of Man Tin Cheung, a famous patriotic hero of the Southern Sung.

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Liu Clan: Sheung Shui's Power

The Liu clan, with ancestor Liu Chong Kit, settled in Sheung Shui and established a market town called Shek Wu Hui. Their ancestor was a high-ranking official of the Northern Sung.

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Hau Clan: Jinshi Ancestor

The Hau clan, with ancestor Hau Ng Long, also settled in Sheung Shui. Hau Ng Long was a Jinshi, achieving the highest title in the Imperial Examination during the Northern Sung dynasty.

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Pang Clan: Fanling's Influence

The Pang clan, with ancestor Pang Kwai, settled in Fanling and established the market town of Luen Wo Hui. Pang Yin Nin, their ancestor, was a Jinshi and official of the North Sung.

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Puntis: First Settlers

The Puntis were the earliest group to settle in Hong Kong, arriving from Canton (Guangdong) in the 10th century. They established walled villages and spoke the Wai Tau dialect of Cantonese.

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Hakka: Meaning 'Guests'

The Hakka, meaning 'guests', migrated to Hong Kong from Guangdong and Hokkien (Fujian) in the 17th century. They were known for speaking the Hakka language and settling in mountainous areas.

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Fuklo (Hoklo): Eastern Waters Dwellers

The Fuklo, who came from Fujian and Eastern Guangdong regions, settled in Hong Kong around the 11th century. They communicated in Hokkien and mainly lived on boats.

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Walled Villages: For Protection

The Cantonese and Hakka people built walled villages like Lo Wai, Kat Hing Wai, and Sam Tung Uk Village. These villages had walls and moats to protect them from bandits and pirates.

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Stilt Houses: Boat People's Homes

The Boat People and Fuklo made their homes on stilt houses, raised above water. These houses were crafted from wood, grass, and iron.

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Ancestor Worship: Respecting Ancestors

All four dialect groups practiced ancestor worship, showing respect to their ancestors and seeking their blessings. They built Ancestral Halls to honor their lineage.

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Study Notes

2024-2025 Secondary One History (Term 1) - Topic 3: Civilization

  • Learning Objectives: Students are expected to learn about civilization, its definition, six major features, and the environmental conditions of the Fertile Crescent. Skills in identifying, describing features, and explaining reasons are also targeted.

  • Task 1: Students are required to watch a video about urbanization in cities and prepare key developments between prehistoric and present times. Key terms and visuals documenting development should be noted. Students need to refer to the student version for help.

  • Civilization Features (Mind Map): Civilization is comprised of interconnected elements:

  • Urbanization/Cities: Physical settlements and urban development.

  • Written Languages: Record-keeping and communication, including forms of art like poetry and calligraphy.

  • Government and Laws: Maintaining order, establishing rules, and governing structures.

  • Architecture: Large buildings and monuments, showcasing artistic and technological advancement.

  • Science and Technology: Utilizing knowledge of the natural world and creating new inventions.

  • Advanced Economic Activities: Trade, surplus production, and the use of money;

  • Religion: Complex religious beliefs, rituals, and institutions.

  • Art and Literature: A variety of creative expressions, such as music, painting, sculpture and pottery.

  • Civilization Features (More Detailed):

  • Written Languages: Recording important events, trades, and governmental matters, including art forms like poetry and calligraphy.

  • Government and Laws: Establishing social order and rules through political leaders (like kings).

  • Architecture: Monumental constructions reflecting artistic skill and technological advancement. These are also a representation of a larger civilization.

  • Art and Literature: Highly developed, exhibiting unique styles in different art forms like painting, pottery, sculpture, music, etc.

  • Religion: Complex systems of beliefs and religious leaders. Ritual activities and belief systems related often times to the environment and ensuring prosperity.

  • Economic Activities: Advanced agriculture leads to surplus, and using money and bartering for trade.

  • Further Aspects of Civilization from the Text:

  • Job Specialization: Different roles within society to meet diverse needs.

  • Scientific and Technological Development: Progress builds upon prior experiences and understanding of nature.

  • Urbanization: Growth of large settlements like cities into the centers of civilizations.

  • Mesopotamian Civilization (as Example): The Fertile Crescent area, specifically Mesopotamia, held the earliest known civilization in the world, according to archaeologists. The location between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the region's climate, and 6,000 years of agricultural settlement led to the development of early urban centers.

  • River Valley Civilizations: The four civilizations are known as river valley civilizations because the water source facilitated transportation, trade, and resource availability - crucial factors for their development.

  • Factors Contributing to Mesopotamian Civilization: Besides the rivers, other key factors include advanced agriculture producing surplus, and thus allowing specialization and complex systems of governance.

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Description

Explore the concept of civilization in this quiz, focusing on its key features and the environmental conditions of the Fertile Crescent. This assessment includes identifying, describing, and explaining fundamental elements of urbanization, written languages, government, and architecture. Enhance your understanding of how these components interconnect and shape societal structures.

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