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Questions and Answers
What is the final substrate produced in the shikimate pathway?
What is the final substrate produced in the shikimate pathway?
The shikimic acid pathway occurs only in plant cells.
The shikimic acid pathway occurs only in plant cells.
False
List two environmental stresses that can trigger the expression of secondary metabolites in plants.
List two environmental stresses that can trigger the expression of secondary metabolites in plants.
Pathogens and UV radiation
The first substrates in the shikimate pathway are __________ and __________.
The first substrates in the shikimate pathway are __________ and __________.
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Match the enzyme to its function in the shikimate pathway:
Match the enzyme to its function in the shikimate pathway:
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Which of the following is a precursor for phenolic compounds?
Which of the following is a precursor for phenolic compounds?
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The shikimic acid pathway is involved in the production of folates and aromatic amino acids.
The shikimic acid pathway is involved in the production of folates and aromatic amino acids.
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What are the three aromatic amino acids produced through the shikimate pathway?
What are the three aromatic amino acids produced through the shikimate pathway?
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Which of the following is a dietary source of Vitamin D3?
Which of the following is a dietary source of Vitamin D3?
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Vitamin D2 is primarily obtained from dietary supplements and oily fish.
Vitamin D2 is primarily obtained from dietary supplements and oily fish.
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What triggers the formation of Vitamin D3 in the skin?
What triggers the formation of Vitamin D3 in the skin?
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A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to ______ in children.
A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to ______ in children.
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Match the vitamin to its source:
Match the vitamin to its source:
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Which of the following is NOT a use of Vitamin D?
Which of the following is NOT a use of Vitamin D?
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Vitamin E is primarily found in plant oils and meat.
Vitamin E is primarily found in plant oils and meat.
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What health issue can arise from Vitamin E deficiency?
What health issue can arise from Vitamin E deficiency?
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Vitamin E protects cell membranes from ______.
Vitamin E protects cell membranes from ______.
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Which function is Vitamin E known for?
Which function is Vitamin E known for?
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What is the primary function of Vitamin K?
What is the primary function of Vitamin K?
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Vitamin B1 is unstable in acidic environments.
Vitamin B1 is unstable in acidic environments.
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Name one dietary source of Vitamin K.
Name one dietary source of Vitamin K.
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Thiamine is also known as Vitamin ______.
Thiamine is also known as Vitamin ______.
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Match the following vitamins with their corresponding deficiencies:
Match the following vitamins with their corresponding deficiencies:
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Which of the following vitamins helps in the metabolism of bone proteins?
Which of the following vitamins helps in the metabolism of bone proteins?
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Intestinal microflora provides a significant portion of Vitamin B1.
Intestinal microflora provides a significant portion of Vitamin B1.
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What clinical syndrome is caused by Vitamin B1 deficiency?
What clinical syndrome is caused by Vitamin B1 deficiency?
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Vitamin B1 plays a key role in converting ______ into energy.
Vitamin B1 plays a key role in converting ______ into energy.
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Which vitamin is known for its antihemorrhagic activity?
Which vitamin is known for its antihemorrhagic activity?
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Which vitamin's deficiency can result in poor bone mineralization?
Which vitamin's deficiency can result in poor bone mineralization?
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Which of the following diseases can vitamin C help prevent?
Which of the following diseases can vitamin C help prevent?
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The hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon is always down in relation to the cyclic structure for a β glycoside.
The hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon is always down in relation to the cyclic structure for a β glycoside.
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What are the two parts that glycosides are cleaved into in the body?
What are the two parts that glycosides are cleaved into in the body?
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Glycosides yield one or more sugars among the products upon __________ or acid hydrolysis.
Glycosides yield one or more sugars among the products upon __________ or acid hydrolysis.
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Match the types of glycosides with their descriptions:
Match the types of glycosides with their descriptions:
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What is another name for Pantothenic acid?
What is another name for Pantothenic acid?
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Vitamin B5 is primarily used in the body for protein synthesis.
Vitamin B5 is primarily used in the body for protein synthesis.
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Name two rich dietary sources of pantothenic acid.
Name two rich dietary sources of pantothenic acid.
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Vitamin B5 is also known as ______.
Vitamin B5 is also known as ______.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin B5?
Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin B5?
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A deficiency of vitamin B5 can cause fatigue and sleep disturbances.
A deficiency of vitamin B5 can cause fatigue and sleep disturbances.
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What are the three forms of vitamin B6?
What are the three forms of vitamin B6?
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Vitamin B6 is usually referred to as ______ in pharmacy.
Vitamin B6 is usually referred to as ______ in pharmacy.
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Which of the following is NOT a source of pantothenic acid?
Which of the following is NOT a source of pantothenic acid?
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Match the following vitamins with their corresponding numbers in the functions list:
Match the following vitamins with their corresponding numbers in the functions list:
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Study Notes
Building Blocks of Secondary Metabolites
- Building blocks for secondary metabolites can be categorized by the number of carbon units they contain.
- C1 units are derived from the S-methyl group of L-methionine.
- C2 units come from acetyl-CoA.
- C5 units are derived from isoprene units.
- C6-C3 units (phenyl propyl units) are derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine via the shikimic acid pathway.
Shikimic Acid Pathway
- The shikimic acid pathway, also known as the chorismate pathway, is a fundamental process for producing phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and other secondary metabolites.
- It occurs in plant chloroplasts and involves phenylpropanoid precursors.
- The pathway starts with phosphoenol pyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate, ending with chorismate, a precursor for the aromatic amino acids.
- The pathway is essential for the synthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
- The shikimic acid pathway is present in bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoans, and plants.
Vitamin D
- Vitamin D plays a significant role in calcium and phosphorus absorption, bone health, muscle and nerve function, immune system function, and overall cellular function.
- Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
Sources of Vitamin D
- Vitamin D3: Oily fish, fish oil, liver, egg yolk, butter, and dietary supplements.
- Vitamin D2: Mushrooms grown in UV light, fortified foods, and dietary supplements.
- The skin produces vitamin D3 when exposed to UVB radiation from sunlight.
- Plants and mushrooms form vitamin D2 from ergosterol through UVB light exposure.
Vitamin E
- Vitamin E refers to various forms of α-tocopherol and related analogs, including β, γ, and δ-tocopherols.
- Plant oils, green vegetables, grains, egg yolks, and meats are dietary sources of this vitamin.
- Vitamin E is a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant protecting cell membranes, proteins, and DNA from damage caused by oxidation.
- It prevents oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipids in cells.
- It contributes to blood vessel formation and immune function.
- Deficiency can cause nerve and muscle damage, weakened immune system, and vision problems.
Vitamin K
- Vitamin K refers to 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and its derivatives.
- Sources include: dairy products, fruits, vegetables, especially green leafy vegetables, and the intestinal microflora.
Types of Vitamin K
- Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone): Found in plants.
- Vitamin K2 (menaquinone): Produced by bacteria in the gut.
- Vitamin K3 (Menadione): Synthetic form.
Functions of Vitamin K
- Primary role in blood clotting (antihemorrhagic activity).
- Used to treat bleeding events caused by warfarin overdose.
- Involved in bone protein metabolism (osteocalcin) by helping osteocalcin bind to minerals for bone formation.
- Regulates blood calcium levels.
- Deficiency can cause hemorrhage.
Vitamin B Complex
- Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Participates in energy metabolism, converting carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into energy.
- Sources: Whole grains, legumes, and meats.
- Deficiency: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, beriberi.
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)
- A component of the B complex, sometimes known as the "chick antidermatitis factor."
- Sources: Animal organs (heart, kidney, liver) and cereal grains.
- Functions: Involved in energy metabolism, synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin.
Vitamin B6
- Refers to pyridoxol, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, closely related pyridine derivatives with similar physiological activity.
- Functions: Assists in protein metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters, red blood cell production, immune function, and brain development.
- Deficiency: Anemia, seizures, depression, and skin problems.
Glycosides
- Glycosides are organic compounds, often of plant origin, consisting of a sugar portion (glycon) linked to a non-sugar moiety (aglycon) via a glycosidic bond.
- Glycosides are classified based on the nature of the glycosidic bond: C-glycosides, O-glycosides, S-glycosides, and N-glycosides.
- Glycon is responsible for the solubility properties of the glycoside, important for absorption and distribution within the body.
- Aglycon determines the pharmacological activity.
- α and β forms of glycosides exist, with the β form predominant in plants.
- Glycosides are acetals where the hydroxyl group of the glycon is condensed with the hydroxyl group of the aglycon.
- Glycosides are hydrolyzed in the body, yielding glycon and aglycon parts.
- Solubility of glycosides varies, with most being soluble in water or hydroalcoholic solutions and insoluble in non-polar organic solvents.
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Description
Explore the building blocks of secondary metabolites and their categorization by carbon units. Learn about the shikimic acid pathway, its significance in plants, and the synthesis of aromatic amino acids. This quiz delves into the biochemistry underlying these essential processes.
