Secondary Metabolites and Shikimic Acid Pathway
44 Questions
0 Views

Secondary Metabolites and Shikimic Acid Pathway

Created by
@EntrancedAstronomy

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the final substrate produced in the shikimate pathway?

  • Phenylalanine
  • Erythrose-4-phosphate
  • Shikimate
  • Chorismate (correct)

    • The shikimic acid pathway occurs only in plant cells.

    False

    List two environmental stresses that can trigger the expression of secondary metabolites in plants.

    Pathogens and UV radiation

    The first substrates in the shikimate pathway are __________ and __________.

    <p>phosphoenolpyruvate, erythrose-4-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the enzyme to its function in the shikimate pathway:

    <p>DAHP synthase = Catalyzes the formation of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate Shikimate kinase = Phosphorylates shikimate to form shikimate 3-phosphate EPSP synthase = Couples shikimate-3-phosphate with phosphoenol pyruvate Chorismate synthase = Transforms 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate into chorismate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a precursor for phenolic compounds?

    <p>Chorismate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The shikimic acid pathway is involved in the production of folates and aromatic amino acids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three aromatic amino acids produced through the shikimate pathway?

    <p>Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a dietary source of Vitamin D3?

    <p>Oily fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin D2 is primarily obtained from dietary supplements and oily fish.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the formation of Vitamin D3 in the skin?

    <p>Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to ______ in children.

    <p>rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the vitamin to its source:

    <p>Vitamin D3 = Oily fish and fish oil Vitamin D2 = Mushrooms (UV light grown) Vitamin E = Plant oils Vitamin D = Dietary supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use of Vitamin D?

    <p>Antioxidant activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin E is primarily found in plant oils and meat.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health issue can arise from Vitamin E deficiency?

    <p>Nerve and muscle damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin E protects cell membranes from ______.

    <p>oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is Vitamin E known for?

    <p>Boosting immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Vitamin K?

    <p>Blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin B1 is unstable in acidic environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one dietary source of Vitamin K.

    <p>Green leafy vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thiamine is also known as Vitamin ______.

    <p>B1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vitamins with their corresponding deficiencies:

    <p>Vitamin K = Hemorrhage Vitamin B1 = Wernicke's encephalopathy Vitamin D = Rickets Vitamin C = Scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vitamins helps in the metabolism of bone proteins?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intestinal microflora provides a significant portion of Vitamin B1.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical syndrome is caused by Vitamin B1 deficiency?

    <p>Beriberi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin B1 plays a key role in converting ______ into energy.

    <p>carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is known for its antihemorrhagic activity?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin's deficiency can result in poor bone mineralization?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases can vitamin C help prevent?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon is always down in relation to the cyclic structure for a β glycoside.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two parts that glycosides are cleaved into in the body?

    <p>Glycone and aglycone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycosides yield one or more sugars among the products upon __________ or acid hydrolysis.

    <p>enzymatic hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of glycosides with their descriptions:

    <p>C-glycosides = Sugar attached via C-C bond O-glycosides = Sugar attached via oxygen-carbon bond S-glycosides = Sugar attached to a sulfur-containing compound N-glycosides = Sugar attached to a nitrogen-containing compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for Pantothenic acid?

    <p>Vitamin B5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin B5 is primarily used in the body for protein synthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two rich dietary sources of pantothenic acid.

    <p>Animal organs, cereal grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin B5 is also known as ______.

    <p>pantothenic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin B5?

    <p>Enhancing muscle growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A deficiency of vitamin B5 can cause fatigue and sleep disturbances.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three forms of vitamin B6?

    <p>Pyridoxol, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin B6 is usually referred to as ______ in pharmacy.

    <p>pyridoxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of pantothenic acid?

    <p>Vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vitamins with their corresponding numbers in the functions list:

    <p>Vitamin B5 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Vitamin B6 = Not listed in the functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Building Blocks of Secondary Metabolites

    • Building blocks for secondary metabolites can be categorized by the number of carbon units they contain.
    • C1 units are derived from the S-methyl group of L-methionine.
    • C2 units come from acetyl-CoA.
    • C5 units are derived from isoprene units.
    • C6-C3 units (phenyl propyl units) are derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine via the shikimic acid pathway.

    Shikimic Acid Pathway

    • The shikimic acid pathway, also known as the chorismate pathway, is a fundamental process for producing phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and other secondary metabolites.
    • It occurs in plant chloroplasts and involves phenylpropanoid precursors.
    • The pathway starts with phosphoenol pyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate, ending with chorismate, a precursor for the aromatic amino acids.
    • The pathway is essential for the synthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
    • The shikimic acid pathway is present in bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoans, and plants.

    Vitamin D

    • Vitamin D plays a significant role in calcium and phosphorus absorption, bone health, muscle and nerve function, immune system function, and overall cellular function.
    • Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

    Sources of Vitamin D

    • Vitamin D3: Oily fish, fish oil, liver, egg yolk, butter, and dietary supplements.
    • Vitamin D2: Mushrooms grown in UV light, fortified foods, and dietary supplements.
    • The skin produces vitamin D3 when exposed to UVB radiation from sunlight.
    • Plants and mushrooms form vitamin D2 from ergosterol through UVB light exposure.

    Vitamin E

    • Vitamin E refers to various forms of α-tocopherol and related analogs, including β, γ, and δ-tocopherols.
    • Plant oils, green vegetables, grains, egg yolks, and meats are dietary sources of this vitamin.
    • Vitamin E is a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant protecting cell membranes, proteins, and DNA from damage caused by oxidation.
    • It prevents oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipids in cells.
    • It contributes to blood vessel formation and immune function.
    • Deficiency can cause nerve and muscle damage, weakened immune system, and vision problems.

    Vitamin K

    • Vitamin K refers to 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and its derivatives.
    • Sources include: dairy products, fruits, vegetables, especially green leafy vegetables, and the intestinal microflora.

    Types of Vitamin K

    • Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone): Found in plants.
    • Vitamin K2 (menaquinone): Produced by bacteria in the gut.
    • Vitamin K3 (Menadione): Synthetic form.

    Functions of Vitamin K

    • Primary role in blood clotting (antihemorrhagic activity).
    • Used to treat bleeding events caused by warfarin overdose.
    • Involved in bone protein metabolism (osteocalcin) by helping osteocalcin bind to minerals for bone formation.
    • Regulates blood calcium levels.
    • Deficiency can cause hemorrhage.

    Vitamin B Complex

    • Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Participates in energy metabolism, converting carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into energy.
    • Sources: Whole grains, legumes, and meats.
    • Deficiency: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, beriberi.

    Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)

    • A component of the B complex, sometimes known as the "chick antidermatitis factor."
    • Sources: Animal organs (heart, kidney, liver) and cereal grains.
    • Functions: Involved in energy metabolism, synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin.

    Vitamin B6

    • Refers to pyridoxol, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, closely related pyridine derivatives with similar physiological activity.
    • Functions: Assists in protein metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters, red blood cell production, immune function, and brain development.
    • Deficiency: Anemia, seizures, depression, and skin problems.

    Glycosides

    • Glycosides are organic compounds, often of plant origin, consisting of a sugar portion (glycon) linked to a non-sugar moiety (aglycon) via a glycosidic bond.
    • Glycosides are classified based on the nature of the glycosidic bond: C-glycosides, O-glycosides, S-glycosides, and N-glycosides.
    • Glycon is responsible for the solubility properties of the glycoside, important for absorption and distribution within the body.
    • Aglycon determines the pharmacological activity.
    • α and β forms of glycosides exist, with the β form predominant in plants.
    • Glycosides are acetals where the hydroxyl group of the glycon is condensed with the hydroxyl group of the aglycon.
    • Glycosides are hydrolyzed in the body, yielding glycon and aglycon parts.
    • Solubility of glycosides varies, with most being soluble in water or hydroalcoholic solutions and insoluble in non-polar organic solvents.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Biosynthetic Pathways of Secondary Metabolites PDF

    Description

    Explore the building blocks of secondary metabolites and their categorization by carbon units. Learn about the shikimic acid pathway, its significance in plants, and the synthesis of aromatic amino acids. This quiz delves into the biochemistry underlying these essential processes.

    More Like This

    Shikimic Acid Pathway Overview Quiz
    12 questions

    Shikimic Acid Pathway Quiz and Flashcards

    UndisputedEnglishHorn5110 avatar
    UndisputedEnglishHorn5110
    Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites Quiz
    18 questions

    Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites Quiz

    EntrancedAstronomy avatar
    EntrancedAstronomy
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser